{"id":10946,"date":"2022-08-25T13:44:08","date_gmt":"2022-08-25T10:44:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.com.tr\/blog\/?p=10946"},"modified":"2022-08-31T18:29:52","modified_gmt":"2022-08-31T15:29:52","slug":"crypto-actually-blockchains-and-cryptocurrencies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.com.tr\/blog\/crypto-actually-blockchains-and-cryptocurrencies\/10946\/","title":{"rendered":"Kriptonun ger\u00e7ekleri. Birinci B\u00f6l\u00fcm: Blok zincirleri ve kripto para"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>.c-wysiwyg blockquote{background: rgb(0 153 129 \/ 10%);}.c-wysiwyg blockquote p{font-style:normal} .img-big { width: 100vw!important; max-width: 66.875rem!important; left: 53%!important; position: relative; transform: translateX(-50%); }.accent{color: #00a88e; margin: 0;font-size:1.5rem;font-weight: 900;}.c-wysiwyg .accented-list li:before {top:1.15rem}.c-wysiwyg .accented-list li{margin-bottom:1.25rem}.c-wysiwyg hr+*{margin-top:2.5rem}.c-wysiwyg hr{border-bottom: 2px solid #00a88e; width: 120px;margin: 1rem 0 -1.25rem 0;}blockquote h5 { color: #00a88e; font-style: initial; } span.accented-quote { display: block; font-size: 60px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 20px; margin-top: 30px; margin-left: -3px; }@media(min-width: 40.6875rem){.accent{font-size:2rem}.c-wysiwyg .accented-list li:before {top:1.75rem}.c-wysiwyg hr{border-bottom: 2px solid #00a88e; width: 160px;}}.c-wysiwyg ol>li:before{left: -1.85rem; top: -0.25em; font-size: 2.875rem;}.c-wysiwyg ol>li{padding-left: 1rem;}span.footnotes { position: relative; display: inline-block; border-bottom: 3px dashed #e5f6f3; line-height: 1em;transition: 0.5s; background: transparent; color: #00a88e; cursor: pointer; } span.note { color: rgba(0,0,0,.8); position: absolute;line-height: 1.6em; width: 500px; opacity: 0; visibility: hidden; left: 0; top: 15px; transform: translateX(-50%); transition: 0.3s; background: white; padding: 15px 20px; box-shadow: 0px 3px 7px #ababab; border-radius: 3px; cursor: initial; } span.footnotes:hover { background: #00a88e2e; } span.footnotes:hover .note { z-index:999;opacity: 1; visibility: visible; }@media(max-width:768px){span.footnotes:hover .note{display:block;box-shadow: 0 0 0 4000px #7070707a;}span.footnotes .note {display: none; position: fixed; bottom: 0; top: auto; left: 0%!important; right: 0%!important; width:100vw; box-shadow: 0 0 0 4000px #70707000; z-index: 9999;transform: none;}}.c-wysiwyg .illustration-list { margin-left: 0; display: grid; grid-column-gap: 5vw; grid-template-areas: \"a a\" \"b c\" \"d e\"; } @media (max-width: 640px) { .illustration-list { grid-template-areas:\"a\" \"b\" \"c\" \"d\" \"e\" }  } .c-wysiwyg .illustration-list li { margin-bottom: 2em; } .illustration-list li:before { display: none; } .illustration-list span.accent { font-size: 1em; } .illustration-list img { width: 128px; }.desktop-banner {display:block!important} .mobile-banner{display:none!important} @media(max-width:768px){.desktop-banner {display: none!important} .mobile-banner{display: block!important}}<\/style>\n<p><script>$(function() { function positionFootnotes(note){ const winWidth = $(window).width(); if (winWidth<768) return; const noteWidth = note.offset().left + note.width() + 50; if(winWidth < noteWidth) { note.css({left: winWidth - noteWidth}) }; if(note.offset().left<0) { note.css({left: -note.offset().left + 10}) } }; $('.footnotes .note').each((i,o)=>{ positionFootnotes($(o)) }); $('.footnotes').mouseover(e=>{ const note = $('.note', e.currentTarget); positionFootnotes(note) }); });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>NFT mi sat\u0131n almak istiyorsunuz?<\/p>\n<p>NFT veya kripto parayla inan\u0131lmaz derecede zengin olan insanlar\u0131n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.business2community.com\/nft-news\/how-to-get-rich-off-crypto-and-nfts-02491306\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">hikayelerini okudunuz<\/a> ve neden onlar\u0131n yerinde ben olmayay\u0131m diye mi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcn\u00fcz? \u201cYanl\u0131\u015f d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcn\u00fcz\u201d bu makaleye ba\u015fl\u0131k olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm se\u00e7eneklerden biriydi, fakat bu sonuca ula\u015fmam\u0131za daha \u00e7ok var. NFT ekosistemi kendi i\u00e7inde olduk\u00e7a karma\u015f\u0131k. \u00dcstelik bu ekosistemi olu\u015fturan teknolojiler ba\u015fka teknolojiler \u00fcst\u00fcne kurulu.<\/p>\n<p>Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ne yaz\u0131k ki NFT\u2019lerin ne oldu\u011funu anlamak i\u00e7in temel baz\u0131 bilgilere sahip olmak gerekiyor.<br>\nBu y\u00fczden bu makale artan soyutlama d\u00fczeyine g\u00f6re s\u0131ralanm\u0131\u015f \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fuyor. Birinci b\u00f6l\u00fcmde blok zinciri ve kripto paran\u0131n arkas\u0131nda yatan temel fikirlerden bahsedece\u011fiz. Bu sayede ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fcmde NFT ekosistemini ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak ele alabilece\u011fiz. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcmde ise bu end\u00fcstrinin toplumsal ve politik etkilerini inceleyece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"theblockchaintechnology\">Blok zinciri teknolojisi<\/h2>\n<p>Blok zincirleri 2022\u2019de art\u0131k hi\u00e7 de \u201cyeni bir teknoloji\u201d say\u0131lmasa da \u00e7o\u011fu ki\u015finin bu konuda ne kadar s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bilgiye sahip oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rmek beni her seferinde \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131yor. Blok zincirinin ne oldu\u011funu zaten biliyorsan\u0131z bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc atlayabilirsiniz. Bilmiyorsan\u0131z, kripto parayla zengin olma hayalleri kurarken blok zincirinin ne oldu\u011funu bilmemeniz sizin i\u00e7in ilk uyar\u0131 i\u015fareti olmal\u0131. Ger\u00e7ekten temel kavramlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda hi\u00e7 bir fikre sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z bir tak\u0131m varl\u0131klardan para kazanmay\u0131 m\u0131 umuyordunuz? Daha k\u0131sa ve net a\u00e7\u0131klayabilmek ad\u0131na, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki giri\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde baz\u0131 \u015feyleri a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derecede basitle\u015ftirerek anlataca\u011f\u0131m. Bu sayede s\u0131k s\u0131k geri d\u00f6nece\u011fim bir meseleyi anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r k\u0131lmay\u0131 umuyorum: Blok zinciri hangi sorunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc olarak yarat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Blok zincirleri \u201cda\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hesap defterleridir\u201d. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle blok zinciri, verileri da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u015fekilde depolaman\u0131n bir yoludur. Ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fcst\u00fcnde bu hi\u00e7 de \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7an bir teknoloji gibi durmuyor. BT d\u00fcnyas\u0131 uzun y\u0131llard\u0131r \u015firketlerin verileri birden \u00e7ok konum aras\u0131nda \u00e7o\u011faltmas\u0131n\u0131 ve senkronize etmesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Distributed_database\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f veritabanlar\u0131n\u0131<\/a> kullan\u0131yor. Ancak bu konumlar genellikle g\u00fcvenilen tek bir varl\u0131k (yani, \u015firket) taraf\u0131ndan kontrol ediliyor.<\/p>\n<p>Blok zincirlerinin ise ba\u015fka bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi daha var: Birbirine g\u00fcvenmesi gerekmeyen bir\u00e7ok varl\u0131k aras\u0131nda da\u011f\u0131t\u0131labiliyorlar. Buna neden ihtiya\u00e7 duyuldu\u011funu anlamak i\u00e7in, blok zinciri teknolojisinin ilk ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 uygulamas\u0131 olan Bitcoin kripto para birimini ele alal\u0131m. Bitcoin, merkezi bir otoriteye ihtiya\u00e7 duymadan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilecek bir para sistemi olarak tasarland\u0131. Bitcoin, kimin ne kadara sahip oldu\u011fu bilgisini i\u00e7eren da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir veritaban\u0131. Bu veritaban\u0131 her i\u015flem ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011finde g\u00fcncelleniyor.<\/p>\n<p>Deneyimlerime g\u00f6re blok zincirlerinin \u201cda\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f veri deposu\u201d olma y\u00f6n\u00fc genellikle iyi anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. \u00c7o\u011fu ki\u015fi, \u00f6nceki ba\u011flant\u0131n\u0131n bozulmam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu do\u011frulamak i\u00e7in bir sa\u011flama toplam\u0131 (veya a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00f6rnekte H olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan kriptografik hash) i\u00e7eren bilgi bloklar\u0131n\u0131n birbirine zincirlenme fikrini olduk\u00e7a iyi kavram\u0131\u015f durumda.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_10948\" style=\"width: 1034px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10948\" class=\"wp-image-10948 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/media.kasperskydaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/91\/2022\/08\/25124655\/crypto-actually-blockchains-and-cryptocurrencies-001-1024x702.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"702\"><p id=\"caption-attachment-10948\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u00d6rnek bir blok zinciri<\/p><\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>A\u011f\u0131n t\u00fcm kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n tutarl\u0131 bir blok zinciri kopyas\u0131na sahip olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011finden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, g\u00fcvenlik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken birka\u00e7 zorluk var. Bu da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f veritaban\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131k 10.000 BTC\u2019ye sahip oldu\u011funuzu g\u00f6steren bir kay\u0131tla g\u00fcncellemekten sizi al\u0131koyan ne? Ne de olsa madem ortada merkezi bir otorite yok, o halde sizin s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fczle ba\u015fka herhangi bir a\u011f kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fc birbirine denk. Ya da daha iyi bir fikir: Bilgi hesap defterinin t\u00fcm kopyalar\u0131na yay\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce birden fazla i\u015flem emri g\u00f6ndererek paran\u0131z\u0131 iki defa harcaman\u0131n bir yolu yok mudur?<\/p>\n<p>Bu sorular\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar, bu sorular\u0131n teknik cevaplar\u0131ndan daha \u00f6nemli: <strong>Blok zincirleri, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f depolama ara\u00e7lar\u0131 olduklar\u0131 kadar, ayn\u0131 zamanda birer konsens\u00fcs olu\u015fturma algoritmas\u0131.<\/strong> Bu noktay\u0131 tekrarlamak istiyorum, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc blok zincirlerini anlamak a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yor: Blok zincirinin esas sundu\u011fu \u015fey, yanl\u0131\u015f verilerle sistemi yan\u0131ltmak i\u00e7in do\u011frudan finansal bir nedeni olan bir\u00e7ok g\u00fcvenilmez taraf aras\u0131nda istikrarl\u0131 bilgi payla\u015fabilme becerisi.<\/p>\n<h2>Kripto para birimleri (para birimi de\u011fildir)<\/h2>\n<p>O halde elimizde gayet g\u00fczel bir veri payla\u015fma arac\u0131 var. Ancak g\u00f6rece\u011fiz ki bu ara\u00e7 i\u00e7in bir kullan\u0131m alan\u0131 bulmak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fczden \u00e7ok daha zor. Bir \u00f6nceki y\u0131l yay\u0131nlanan <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bitcoin.com\/satoshi-archive\/whitepaper\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">tan\u0131t\u0131m b\u00fclteninin<\/a> ard\u0131ndan 2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda Satoshi Nakamoto takma ad\u0131n\u0131 kullanan bir ki\u015fi (veya bir grup), Bitcoin istemcisinin ilk halka a\u00e7\u0131k s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc yay\u0131nlad\u0131. Bitcoin\u2019in alt\u0131nda yatan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, merkezi veya merkezi olmayan bankalar ve herhangi bir devletin deste\u011fi olmaks\u0131z\u0131n i\u015fleyebilecek, tamamen dijital, denkler aras\u0131 bir para birimi sistemi yaratmakt\u0131. Bitcoin ba\u011flam\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrsek hesap defteri, sistemdeki mevcut t\u00fcm \u201ccoin\u2019lerin\u201d bir kayd\u0131 olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor, her bir blok bir dizi i\u015flemi temsil ediyor. Bitcoin\u2019ler \u201cc\u00fczdanlar\u201d etraf\u0131nda d\u00f6n\u00fcyor (kabaca bir banka hesab\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 diyebiliriz); kullan\u0131c\u0131lar, genel anahtar kriptografisi kullanarak c\u00fczdanlar\u0131n\u0131n kendilerine ait oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlayabiliyor, bu da onlara paralar\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015fkalar\u0131na g\u00f6nderebilme hakk\u0131 veriyor.<\/p>\n<p>Ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fcst\u00fcnde sa\u011flam bir fikir. Peki i\u015fe yar\u0131yor mu? Bu soruyu cevaplarken \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 y\u00f6nlere de\u011finilmesi gerekse de basit\u00e7e bug\u00fcne dek en \u00f6nde gelen kripto varl\u0131k olmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren Bitcoin\u2019in g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki pratik kullan\u0131m\u0131ndan ba\u015flayabiliriz. Kripto parayla sat\u0131n al\u0131nan ilk fiziksel \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn kayda ge\u00e7mesi (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/rufaskamau\/2022\/05\/09\/what-is-bitcoin-pizza-day-and-why-does-the-community-celebrate-on-may-22\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">2010\u2019da 10.000 BTC\u2019ye bir pizza<\/a>), bu \u00f6deme bi\u00e7iminin g\u00fcn\u00fcn birinde norm haline gelece\u011fine dair cesaret verici bir i\u015faret olarak alg\u0131land\u0131. On y\u0131ldan uzun bir s\u00fcre sonra geldi\u011fimiz noktada g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz ki b\u00f6yle bir \u015fey ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-57096305\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Tesla<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bleepingcomputer.com\/news\/cryptocurrency\/microsoft-halts-bitcoin-transactions-because-its-an-unstable-currency\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Microsoft<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/steamcommunity.com\/games\/593110\/announcements\/detail\/1464096684955433613\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Steam<\/a> ve <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dell.com\/en-us\/blog\/we-re-now-accepting-bitcoin-on-dell-com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Dell<\/a> de dahil olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok sat\u0131c\u0131 firma bir noktada Bitcoin\u2019i kabul etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fsalar da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck talep, kurlardaki istikrars\u0131zl\u0131k, hatta ekolojik etkisiyle ilgili kayg\u0131lar (buna daha sonra gelece\u011fiz) gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli sebeplerle vazge\u00e7tiler. Para birimi olma a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Bitcoin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu. Bir\u00e7ok kripto para savunucusu bu ifadeye itiraz edecektir, fakat ger\u00e7eklere bakal\u0131m:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bitcoin kabul eden ma\u011faza bulmak neredeyse imkans\u0131z.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130\u015flemleri do\u011frulamada ya\u015fanan gecikmeler olduk\u00e7a cayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 oluyor. Bir ma\u011fazaya girip Bitcoin\u2019le \u00f6deme yapmak isterseniz ma\u011fazadan \u00e7\u0131kabilmek i\u00e7in en az on dakika beklemeniz gerek.<\/li>\n<li>Bitcoin \u00f6demeleri i\u015flem \u00fccretine tabi (i\u015flemleri onaylama \u00f6demesi olarak a\u011f kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131na verilen \u00fccretler). Bu \u00fccretler \u015fu s\u0131ralar i\u015flem ba\u015f\u0131na 1 USD gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck rakamlarda olsa da 2017 patlamas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda neredeyse 60 USD\u2019ye ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Uzun laf\u0131n k\u0131sas\u0131, size Bitcoin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda baget ekmek vermeye raz\u0131 olan bir f\u0131r\u0131n bulsan\u0131z bile hem sat\u0131n alma i\u015fleminizi beklerken arkan\u0131zda kuyruk olu\u015facak hem de ekme\u011fin perakende sat\u0131\u015f fiyat\u0131n\u0131n iki mislini \u00f6demi\u015f olacaks\u0131n\u0131z. Bu sorunlar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fclmedi\u011fi s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131da kullan\u0131m senaryosu var, bunlar da uyu\u015fturucu sat\u0131n almak ve fidye \u00f6demekten ibaret. Her ikisinin de sosyal a\u00e7\u0131dan faydas\u0131 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Yine de Bitcoin\u2019in rezalet bir \u00f6deme sistemi olmas\u0131 hi\u00e7bir \u015fey ba\u015farmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmiyor. Ne de olsa insanlar \u015fu anda 1 BTC i\u00e7in 23.000 USD \u00f6d\u00fcyor. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bir i\u015fe yar\u0131yor olmal\u0131, de\u011fil mi?<\/p>\n<p>Tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z kripto para merakl\u0131lar\u0131yla konu\u015fursan\u0131z neredeyse hi\u00e7birinin Bitcoin\u2019i harcamak amac\u0131yla (ya da en az\u0131ndan itiraf etmek isteyecekleri bir \u015feye harcamak amac\u0131yla) sat\u0131n almad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6receksiniz. Hepsi belirli bir k\u00e2rla satmak amac\u0131yla alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130nsanlar\u0131n Bitcoin almas\u0131n\u0131n birinci nedeni spek\u00fclasyon. Proje, bir para birimi olarak ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa u\u011fram\u0131\u015f olsa da bir kumar sistemi olarak b\u00fct\u00fcn beklentileri a\u015ft\u0131. Yanl\u0131\u015f anlamay\u0131n, ben kumara kar\u015f\u0131 de\u011filim. Sadece bunu ba\u015fka bir \u015feyle kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak \u00e7o\u011funlukla finansal felakete yol a\u00e7\u0131yor. Yine de bu i\u015fteki amac\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n acayip zengin olmak oldu\u011funu en ba\u015ftan netle\u015ftirdiysek sorun yok, hala do\u011fru yolday\u0131z!<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_10949\" style=\"width: 979px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10949\" class=\"wp-image-10949 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/media.kasperskydaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/91\/2022\/08\/25125834\/crypto-actually-blockchains-and-cryptocurrencies-003.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"969\" height=\"551\"><p id=\"caption-attachment-10949\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kripto para d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n sevdi\u011fi tek bir \u015fey varsa o da yukar\u0131 y\u00f6nl\u00fc bir \u00e7izgidir. Kaynak: <a href=\"https:\/\/ccaf.io\/cbeci\/index\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Cambridge Bitcoin Elektrik T\u00fcketimi Endeksi<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n<p>Bitcoin\u2019le ilgili ele\u015ftiriler burada bitmiyor. En b\u00fcy\u00fck kar\u015f\u0131 arg\u00fcmanlardan biri, bu a\u011f\u0131n asl\u0131nda ne kadar korkun\u00e7 derecede verimsiz oldu\u011fu. Visa ve MasterCard gibi ger\u00e7ek \u00f6deme i\u015flemcilerinin aksine <a href=\"https:\/\/phemex.com\/blogs\/what-is-transactions-per-second-tps\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">saniyede yaln\u0131zca \u00fc\u00e7 ila yedi i\u015flem<\/a> (TPS) ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebiliyor (Visa saniyede 1700, MasterCard ise 5000 i\u015flem ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebiliyor, maksimum kapasiteleri ise bunun da \u00e7ok \u00fcst\u00fcnde). Bir di\u011fer b\u00fcy\u00fck blok zinciri olan Ethereum, ortalama 15-25 TPS bildiriyor, biraz daha iyi olsa da her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00f6l\u00e7eklenebilirlikten \u00e7ok uzakta. Bu 3-7 TPS\u2019ye ula\u015fman\u0131n maliyeti bu kadar inan\u0131lmaz derecede y\u00fcksek olmasayd\u0131 bu say\u0131lar g\u00f6rmezden gelinebilirdi. Ancak her i\u015flem 2000 kWh\u2019ten fazla enerji t\u00fcketimi gerektiriyor. Bu t\u00fcketimin 2022 y\u0131l\u0131nda toplam 89 terawatt saat olmas\u0131 bekleniyor (canl\u0131 istatistiklere <a href=\"https:\/\/ccaf.io\/cbeci\/index\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">buradan ula\u015fabilirsiniz<\/a>). Bunu MasterCard\u2019\u0131n 2019 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131 boyunca t\u00fcketti\u011fi 0,000109 TWh ile <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mastercard.us\/content\/dam\/mccom\/global\/aboutus\/Sustainability\/mastercard-sustainability-report-2019.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n<\/a>, o miktarda enerjiyle bin kat\u0131n\u0131 yapabildiklerini de unutmay\u0131n. \u015eimdi bir de 2021\u2019de Fransa\u2019n\u0131n (441 TWh) veya Almanya\u2019n\u0131n (503 TWh) t\u00fcketimiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n. \u015eu anda Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir enerji krizinin ortas\u0131nda oldu\u011funu da hat\u0131rlatmak isterim <span class=\"footnotes\">[1]<span class=\"note\"> Blok zinciri merakl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bu sorunlara kar\u015f\u0131 arg\u00fcmanlar\u0131n\u0131 bir sonraki b\u00f6l\u00fcmde inceleyece\u011fiz.<\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Bu abs\u00fcrt enerji t\u00fcketiminin sebebi, \u201ci\u015f kan\u0131t\u0131\u201d denen bir mekanizma. Blok zincirlerinin baz\u0131 garantiler sa\u011flamas\u0131 gerekti\u011finden bahsetmi\u015ftim. Bunlardan biri de k\u00f6t\u00fc ama\u00e7l\u0131 akt\u00f6rlerin hesap defterine yanl\u0131\u015f bilgiler eklememesini g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na almak. Bunun olmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in zincire eklenen her blo\u011fun a\u011f taraf\u0131ndan do\u011frulanmas\u0131 gerekiyor. Bu i\u015flem, a\u011f kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n karma\u015f\u0131k bir sorunu \u00e7\u00f6zmek \u00fczere birbiriyle rekabet etmesini gerektiriyor <span class=\"footnotes\">[2]<span class=\"note\"> Soruna ilk \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm bulan \u00f6d\u00fcllendiriliyor (\u015fu an itibar\u0131yla 6,25 BTC). Bu i\u015fleme \u201cmadencilik\u201d deniyor ve sistemde yeni para bu \u015fekilde olu\u015fuyor. Bu \u00f6d\u00fcl sistemi olmasayd\u0131 kimsenin i\u015flemleri onaylamak i\u00e7in bir sebebi kalmazd\u0131 ve t\u00fcm sistem \u00e7\u00f6kerdi.<\/span><\/span>. Altta yatan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, hi\u00e7bir sald\u0131rgan\u0131n asla geri kalan kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 ge\u00e7meye yetecek kadar bilgi i\u015flem g\u00fcc\u00fc (yani enerji) harcayamayaca\u011f\u0131. Buna \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm bulma \u015fans\u0131n\u0131z olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in size gereken t\u00fcrde donan\u0131ma bir \u00f6rnek verelim:<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_10950\" style=\"width: 490px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10950\" class=\"wp-image-10950 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/media.kasperskydaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/91\/2022\/08\/25131405\/crypto-actually-blockchains-and-cryptocurrencies-005.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\"><p id=\"caption-attachment-10950\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">2500 GPU \u2018luk bir madencilik \u00e7iftli\u011fi <span class=\"footnotes\">[3]<span class=\"note\"> Madencilikle ilgili i\u015flerde \u00e7ok verimli olan grafik kartlar\u0131, madencilerin kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131ca donan\u0131m bile\u015feni. Bunlara y\u00f6nelik talebin artmas\u0131, hala m\u00fccadele etti\u011fimiz d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda bir k\u0131tl\u0131\u011fa yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/span><\/span>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=-AJhJKSx_70\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Kaynak<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n<h2>\u0130yi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim iyi olsun mant\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/h2>\n<p>Kripto para savunucular\u0131 bu ilk k\u0131s\u0131mda \u00f6zetlenen sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funun (hatta belki hepsinin) Bitcoin kuruldu\u011fu s\u0131rada yap\u0131lan yanl\u0131\u015f tasar\u0131m se\u00e7imleriyle ilgili oldu\u011funu ve 2022\u2019de blok zincirlerinin 2010\u2019daki gibi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyecektir. Eminim \u201cblok zincirleri\u201d diyerek \u00e7o\u011ful konu\u015ftu\u011fumu fark etmi\u015fsinizdir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde her biri farkl\u0131 \u00f6zellikler d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclerek hayata ge\u00e7irilen bir\u00e7ok blok zinciri var. Bunun \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda rutin olarak sunulan iki ana kar\u015f\u0131 arg\u00fcman \u015funlar:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Enerji israf\u0131na yol a\u00e7an i\u015f kan\u0131t\u0131 algoritmalar\u0131 yerine hisse kan\u0131t\u0131 gibi alternatifler var <span class=\"footnotes\">[4]<span class=\"note\"> Hisse kan\u0131t\u0131 algoritmalar\u0131 bu makalenin ba\u015fka bir k\u0131sm\u0131nda daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lacak, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc onlarda da enerji t\u00fcketimi sorunlar\u0131 yerine k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fen y\u00f6netim sorunlar\u0131 var.<\/span><\/span>;<\/li>\n<li>Muhtemelen Lightning <span class=\"footnotes\">[5]<span class=\"note\"> Lightning, (sermayenin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 bloke etme pahas\u0131na) kullan\u0131c\u0131lar aras\u0131nda \u00f6deme kanallar\u0131 a\u00e7mak i\u00e7in ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler kullanan, Bitcoin \u00fcst\u00fcne in\u015fa edilmi\u015f bir protokol. Kabaca bilan\u00e7oya benzetilebilecek bir sistem, kullan\u0131c\u0131lar paralar\u0131n\u0131 nakte \u00e7evirmeye karar verene kadar kendi aralar\u0131nda para transferi yapabilmelerini sa\u011fl\u0131yor. Nakte \u00e7evrildi\u011fi noktada ise i\u015flem blok zincirine i\u015fleniyor. \u0130ronik bir \u015fekilde, bu L2 protokollerinin blok zinciri verimsizli\u011fi i\u00e7in \u00f6nerdi\u011fi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm genellikle ya i\u015flemleri blok zincirinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yor ya da daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcs\u00fc, merkezsizle\u015fme olgusundan tamamen vazge\u00e7iyor.<\/span><\/span> gibi \u201c2. Katman\u201d protokoller yoluyla blok zincirleriyle saniyede ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen i\u015flem say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rmaya y\u00f6nelik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar devam ediyor.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Bu savunucular hakl\u0131 da g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Blok zincirleri Bitcoin\u2019de oldu\u011fu gibi i\u015flerini berbat \u015fekilde yapmak zorunda de\u011fil. \u00dcstelik t\u00fcm bu teknolojinin hen\u00fcz emekleme a\u015famas\u0131nda oldu\u011fu da s\u00f6ylenebilir. Ciddi \u015fekilde geli\u015ftirilebileceklerinden hi\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphem yok. Ancak ne yaz\u0131k ki bunlar\u0131n hi\u00e7birinin bir \u00f6nemi yok. Bilim tarihi bizlere ne kadar \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131 olursa olsun bir teknolojinin yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n en iyi ihtimalle onlarca y\u0131l ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n<p>Bunun en iyi \u00f6rne\u011fi, o y\u0131l ne kadar haval\u0131 yeni blok zincirleri tasarlanm\u0131\u015f olursa olsun Bitcoin ve Ethereum\u2019un hala bask\u0131n kripto para birimleri olmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesi. \u00dcstelik bu yak\u0131n gelecekte de\u011fi\u015fecek gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fcyor. B\u00fcy\u00fck oyuncular alana baz\u0131 yenilikler entegre etse de (<a href=\"https:\/\/ethereum.org\/en\/developers\/docs\/consensus-mechanisms\/pos\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Ethereum\u2019un i\u015f kan\u0131t\u0131 algoritmas\u0131n\u0131 b\u0131rakmas\u0131 gibi<\/a>), bunlar yaln\u0131zca m\u00fcnferit durumlar i\u00e7in, uzun zaman alacak \u015fekilde ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir kapsam dahilinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fecek. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle, ekosistemi k\u00f6k\u00fcnden sarsacak b\u00fcy\u00fck bir revizyon olmad\u0131k\u00e7a mevcut blok zincirleri t\u00fcm sorunlar\u0131yla birlikte (burada ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131na girmedi\u011fim ba\u015fka sorunlar da dahil <span class=\"footnotes\">[6]<span class=\"note\"> Kripto paran\u0131n zorluklar\u0131 hakk\u0131ndaki tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n geri kalan k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlukla sunulan gizlilik g\u00fcvenceleri etraf\u0131nda d\u00f6n\u00fcyor (Bitcoin pek fazla g\u00fcvence sunmuyor). Art\u0131k kripto para birimleriyle herhangi bir \u015fey sat\u0131n alamayaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131za g\u00f6re bu kayg\u0131lar\u0131n genel anlamda pek bir \u015fey ifade etti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fcyorum.<\/span><\/span>) a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde kalmaya devam edecek.<\/p>\n<h2>Yerine getirilmeyen \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc vaatler<\/h2>\n<p>Son darbe ise hem \u00e7ok beklenmedik bir a\u00e7\u0131dan hem de \u015fimdiye kadar tart\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z her \u015feyi anlams\u0131z hale getirecek bir \u015fiddetle vuruluyor. <a href=\"#theblockchaintechnology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Blok zincirlerine giri\u015f<\/a> b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde de \u0131srarla belirtti\u011fim gibi, kripto paran\u0131n varolu\u015f nedeni merkezsizle\u015ftirme. G\u00fcvenilir bir \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc taraf ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekten ortadan kald\u0131ran denkler aras\u0131 bir \u00f6deme sistemi i\u00e7in yukar\u0131da bahsedilen t\u00fcm bedelleri \u00f6demeye haz\u0131r oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyen kararl\u0131 savunucular \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131r. D\u00f6rt dakikal\u0131k <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/DECLARATION_201508\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Bitcoin Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k Beyannamesi<\/a> <span class=\"footnotes\">[7]<span class=\"note\"> Bu videodaki ki\u015filer \u015fu anki Bitcoin sorumlular\u0131n\u0131n (e\u011fer Bitcoin sorumlular\u0131 varsa) resmi duru\u015funu yans\u0131tmayabilir, ancak kripto para toplulu\u011fundaki bir\u00e7ok ki\u015finin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini temsil ediyorlar.<\/span><\/span>\u2018ni izledi\u011finizde kullan\u0131lan d\u00fczen kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 dili g\u00f6rebilirsiniz (izlemek yerine okumay\u0131 tercih edenler <a href=\"https:\/\/bitcoinmagazine.com\/culture\/declaration-bitcoins-independence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">buradan transkripte ula\u015fabilir<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>Demek istedi\u011fim \u015fu: Kripto para birimleri, devlet g\u00f6zetiminde bankalar taraf\u0131ndan kontrol edilen \u00f6deme sistemlerine ger\u00e7ek bir alternatif olan do\u011fru d\u00fczg\u00fcn bir merkezsizle\u015fme sunmayacaklarsa hi\u00e7 olmasalar da olur. Merkezile\u015fmi\u015f kripto para, halihaz\u0131rda Visa ve MasterCard taraf\u0131ndan verilen bir hizmeti \u00e7ok daha k\u00f6t\u00fc bir \u015fekilde sunmaktan ba\u015fka ne i\u015fe yarar?<\/p>\n<p>Kendinizi ac\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011fe haz\u0131rlay\u0131n: <strong>Blok zincirleri merkezsiz de\u011fil<\/strong>. Pek \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131dan ger\u00e7ek bu. Yine Bitcoin\u2019den bir \u00f6rnek \u00fczerinden gidelim: \u0130\u015f kan\u0131t\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n a\u011fa kat\u0131lmak i\u00e7in muazzam miktarda bilgi i\u015flem g\u00fcc\u00fc sa\u011flayabilmesi gerekti\u011fini hat\u0131rl\u0131yorsunuz. Yukar\u0131daki resimde g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcz gibi bir GPU \u00e7iftli\u011fine sahip misiniz? De\u011filseniz bir i\u015flemi do\u011frulayabilme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z pek yok. Daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcs\u00fc, i\u015flemi onaylayan ilk ki\u015fi olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6d\u00fcllendirilen b\u00fcy\u00fck oyuncular, kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 birle\u015ftirerek \u015fanslar\u0131n\u0131 daha da artt\u0131r\u0131yor. Bu da Bitcoin\u2019in i\u015fleme g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn bir yerde daha da fazla yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7\u0131yor.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_10951\" style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10951\" class=\"wp-image-10951 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/media.kasperskydaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/91\/2022\/08\/25132500\/crypto-actually-blockchains-and-cryptocurrencies-006.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"512\"><p id=\"caption-attachment-10951\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bitcoin a\u011f\u0131ndaki hashrate da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.blockchain.com\/charts\/pools\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Kaynak<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n<p>Yukar\u0131daki grafik, bu yaz\u0131 yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada Bitcoin a\u011f\u0131ndaki i\u015flemlerin yar\u0131s\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131zca be\u015f varl\u0131k taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. Ethereum da <a href=\"https:\/\/blockchair.com\/fr\/ethereum\/charts\/hashrate-distribution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">benzer durumda<\/a>. Bu varl\u0131klardan birinin %51\u2019e ula\u015fmas\u0131 felaketle sonu\u00e7lan\u0131r; hat\u0131rlayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z gibi, blok zincirleri b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde konsens\u00fcs protokolleri. Biri \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fa sahip olduktan sonra konsens\u00fcs\u00fcn bir anlam\u0131 kalmaz, ne isterse ona karar verebilir.<\/p>\n<p>Evet, hen\u00fcz bu noktaya yak\u0131n de\u011filiz, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Bitcoin ve Ethereum hala teknik olarak merkezsiz. Ancak orijinal denkler aras\u0131 bir sistem idealinden de \u00e7ok uzaktay\u0131z. Yeni kat\u0131lan biri olarak a\u011fa anlaml\u0131 bir katk\u0131da bulunabilmenizin hi\u00e7bir yolu yok. \u00dcstelik bu blok zincirlerinin gelece\u011fiyle ilgili herhangi bir karar al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011finde, bu varl\u0131klar\u0131n s\u00f6yleyeceklerinin sizinkinden daha fazla dikkate al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 ortada.<\/p>\n<p>K\u0131saca bahsetti\u011fimiz hisse kan\u0131t\u0131 algoritmalar\u0131, do\u011frulamay\u0131 faydalanabilece\u011finiz ham enerjiye de\u011fil, teminat olarak sunabilece\u011finiz paraya dayal\u0131 hale getirerek enerji israf\u0131 yaratan i\u015f kan\u0131t\u0131 d\u00fczenini de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyi \u00f6neriyor. Bu kesinlikle gezegenin faydas\u0131na olsa da bu t\u00fcr algoritmalar\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131da zenginin eline b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve sizin asla bu gruba kat\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z da ortada. Silikon Vadisi\u2019nin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck iddias\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan e\u011filimleri, kimseyi \u015fa\u015f\u0131rtmayacak \u015fekilde ge\u00e7 d\u00f6nem kapitalizminin bir \u00e7e\u015fidine evrildi (elbette bu \u00e7e\u015fitte en tepede kendileri var).<\/p>\n<p>Ethereum\u2019un bu y\u0131l i\u00e7inde <a href=\"https:\/\/ethereum.org\/en\/upgrades\/merge\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">hisse kan\u0131t\u0131 algoritmas\u0131na<\/a> ge\u00e7me plan\u0131 buna iyi bir \u00f6rnek. Tasarruf edilecek enerji miktar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcnce bu karar\u0131 ele\u015ftirmiyorum. Ancak kripto aristokrasisinin herkes i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli olan kurallar\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn ekosistem \u00fczerinde kendi g\u00fc\u00e7lerini konsolide edecek \u015fekilde de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011fini fark etmeden de ge\u00e7emiyorum <span class=\"footnotes\">[8]<span class=\"note\"> Ethereum\u2019un karar s\u00fcreci hakk\u0131nda daha fazla bilgiye buradan ula\u015fabilirsiniz. Burada, \u201cEthereum y\u00f6netiminin, s\u00fcrece dahil olan \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli payda\u015flarla birlikte zincir d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi\u201d belirtiliyor.<\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Ama durun, dahas\u0131 var. Trail of Bits\u2019in de blok zincirlerinde merkezsizle\u015ftirmeyle ilgili ba\u015fka teknik zorluklar\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131yla ele alan \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/assets-global.website-files.com\/5fd11235b3950c2c1a3b6df4\/62af6c641a672b3329b9a480_Unintended_Centralities_in_Distributed_Ledgers.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hesap defterlerinde istenmeyen merkezile\u015fmeler<\/a>\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 m\u00fckemmel bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma makalesi var <span class=\"footnotes\">[9]<span class=\"note\"> \u201c\u0130zinsiz blok zincirlerinde tamamen merkezsizle\u015fmenin imkans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d hakk\u0131nda matematiksel kan\u0131t i\u00e7eren, 2019\u2019da yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u015fu makale de ilginizi \u00e7ekebilir.<\/span><\/span>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A\u011f\u0131 sekteye u\u011fratmak i\u00e7in gereken varl\u0131k say\u0131s\u0131 bekledi\u011finizden \u00e7ok daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck;<\/li>\n<li>Blok zinciri geli\u015ftiricileri, yaln\u0131zca \u00e7ok y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 forklarla kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131labilen orant\u0131s\u0131z \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde g\u00fcc\u00fc yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Genel olarak bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda blok zincirleri (esas\u0131nda) tek bir varl\u0131k taraf\u0131ndan kontrol edilmeme anlam\u0131nda merkezsizler, ancak az say\u0131da varl\u0131k g\u00fcc\u00fcn \u00e7o\u011funu elinde bulundurdu\u011fu i\u00e7in pratikte olduk\u00e7a merkezli yap\u0131lar.<\/p>\n<h2>Yani, el alt\u0131ndan bankac\u0131l\u0131k<\/h2>\n<p>Blok zincirlerinin asl\u0131nda merkezsiz olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlad\u0131k. Peki ya kripto para end\u00fcstrisi? Ger\u00e7ekten de iddia edildi\u011fi gibi insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yozla\u015fm\u0131\u015f devletlerin bask\u0131s\u0131ndan kurtarmay\u0131 hedefleyen kararl\u0131 aktivistlerden mi olu\u015fuyor?<\/p>\n<p>Kripto para alan\u0131ndaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck isimlere \u015f\u00f6yle bir g\u00f6z att\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda i\u015fin tabii ki b\u00f6yle olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlayabiliriz. Birka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131 saymak gerekirse <a href=\"https:\/\/mashable.com\/article\/elon-musk-never-told-people-to-invest-in-cryptocurrency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Elon Musk<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/peter-thiels-founders-fund-makes-big-bet-on-bitcoin-1514917433\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Peter Thiel<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/features\/2022-04-13\/twitter-founder-jack-dorsey-s-bitcoin-obsession-explained\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Jack Dorsey<\/a> ve <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fool.com\/the-ascent\/buying-stocks\/articles\/how-the-winklevoss-twins-amassed-a-6-billion-bitcoin-fortune\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Winklevoss karde\u015fler<\/a> kripto para birimlerine \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck yat\u0131r\u0131mlar yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenen isimlerden baz\u0131lar\u0131. Teknoloji milyarderleri gizliden gizliye iktidar\u0131 halka vermeye y\u00f6nelik bir plan pe\u015finde mi? Bu pek olas\u0131 de\u011fil. D\u00fcnyadaki en zengin %1\u2019in kendilerine bu kadar fayda sa\u011flayan kapitalist sistemi devirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sanm\u0131yorum.<\/p>\n<p>Genele bakal\u0131m. Diyelim ki t\u00fcm bunlardan sonra hala Bitcoin sat\u0131n almak istiyorsunuz. Nas\u0131l alacaks\u0131n\u0131z? B\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla paran\u0131z\u0131 diledi\u011finiz kripto para birimine \u00e7evirecek \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i bir kripto para borsas\u0131 bulacaks\u0131n\u0131z <span class=\"footnotes\">[10]<span class=\"note\"> Evet, \u00f6zel sat\u0131c\u0131larla bulu\u015fma ayarlay\u0131p al\u0131m sat\u0131m i\u015flemini \u00e7evrimd\u0131\u015f\u0131 olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmenin baz\u0131 yolar\u0131 var, fakat bunu yapmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 biliyoruz. Yapacak olsan\u0131z bile bu t\u00fcm i\u015flemler i\u00e7erisinde marjinal bir oran\u0131 temsil eder.<\/span><\/span>. Bu platformlar kripto para d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n kap\u0131 bek\u00e7ileridir. Pasaportunuzun bir kopyas\u0131n\u0131 isterler, devlet d\u00fczenlemelerine uymak i\u00e7in kimli\u011finizi do\u011frularlar, ard\u0131ndan havale ya da kredi kart\u0131yla paran\u0131z\u0131 yat\u0131rabilirsiniz. Sonras\u0131nda bu bakiyeyle platform \u00fcst\u00fcnden kripto para sat\u0131n alabilirsiniz, elbette bir \u00fccret kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda.<\/p>\n<p>Aralar\u0131ndan diledi\u011finizi se\u00e7ebilece\u011finiz bir\u00e7ok platform olsa da bu platformlar\u0131n ortaklar\u0131na bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda endi\u015fe verici bir manzarayla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131yoruz:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bitstamp, Frans\u0131z Cr\u00e9dit Agricole bankas\u0131yla <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.bitstamp.net\/post\/bitstamp-and-caceis-launch-corporate-bitcoin-inves\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">i\u015fbirli\u011fi i\u00e7inde<\/a>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BH5-rSxilxo&amp;ab_channel=FTXOfficial\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Super Bowl\u2019a reklam vermesiyle \u00fcnl\u00fc<\/a> FTX, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re Goldman Sachs ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme <a href=\"https:\/\/www.coindesk.com\/business\/2022\/04\/21\/goldman-sachs-eyes-collaboration-with-crypto-exchange-ftx-as-ceos-meet-report\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">halinde<\/a>;<\/li>\n<li>Coinbase, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-bitcoin-coinbase-bank-of-tm-ufj-idUSKCN0ZN27D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Tokyo Bankas\u0131\u2019ndan 10,5 milyon USD\u2019lik bir yat\u0131r\u0131m ald\u0131<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Saymaya devam edebilirim. Peki bankalar, t\u00fcm ideolojik temeli bankalar\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmak olan bir teknolojiye neden aktif olarak fon sa\u011flas\u0131n? \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc elbette durum bu de\u011fil. Bankalar, kripto para birimlerinin spek\u00fclatif ara\u00e7lar oldu\u011funu kabul ederek hem kendileri de bu gemiye bindiler hem de sizin bini\u015finize arac\u0131l\u0131k ediyorlar. Ne de olsa buradan kazan\u0131lacak para var.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_10952\" style=\"width: 1034px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10952\" class=\"wp-image-10952 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/media.kasperskydaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/91\/2022\/08\/25133637\/crypto-actually-blockchains-and-cryptocurrencies-008-1024x526.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"526\"><p id=\"caption-attachment-10952\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tipik bir kripto para al\u0131m\u0131<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Bu t\u00fcr al\u0131m sat\u0131mlar\u0131n kapal\u0131 kap\u0131lar ard\u0131nda nas\u0131l ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi ise t\u00fcm bunlar\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcne tuz biber ekiyor. Kripto para sat\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda platformlar\u0131n yaln\u0131zca yerel veritabanlar\u0131ndaki bakiyenizi g\u00fcncelledi\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, daha \u00f6nce de\u011findi\u011fim gibi, blok zincirini kullanmak hem \u00e7ok pahal\u0131 hem de \u00e7ok yava\u015f. <strong>Kripto para birimi tacirlerinin bir\u00e7o\u011fu blok zincirine tek bir i\u015flem bile g\u00f6ndermemi\u015f<\/strong>, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc yapt\u0131klar\u0131 tek \u015fey dalgal\u0131 kurlardan k\u00e2r elde etmek i\u00e7in para birimlerini birinden di\u011ferine \u00e7evirmek. Bu da yerel olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen bir operasyon.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130\u015fte bu noktada d\u00f6n\u00fcp dola\u015f\u0131p ayn\u0131 yere geliyoruz: Kripto para d\u00fcnyas\u0131na eri\u015fim yaln\u0131zca bir avu\u00e7 \u015firket arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla sa\u011flanabiliyor. Bu bir avu\u00e7 \u015firket de temelde siz nakte \u00e7evirmeye karar verene kadar ka\u00e7 (kripto) paran\u0131z oldu\u011funun hesab\u0131n\u0131 tutuyor. Bu tam olarak en ba\u015fta ka\u00e7\u0131nmak istedi\u011fimiz bankac\u0131l\u0131k sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn tan\u0131m\u0131. \u00dcstelik onlar\u0131n finansman\u0131 ve rehberli\u011fiyle yeniden in\u015fa edilmi\u015f hali.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Kesinlikle uzun ve zorlu bir giri\u015f oldu ama i\u015fler bundan sonra daha da sarpa saracak. Ele almak istedi\u011fim esas konu NFT\u2019ler olsa da \u00fcst\u00fcne kurulu olduklar\u0131 berbat sistemi iyice kavramadan yaratt\u0131klar\u0131 ciddi kayg\u0131lar\u0131 anlamak imkans\u0131z olacakt\u0131. \u015eimdiye kadar ifade ettiklerimi netle\u015ftirmek ad\u0131na \u00fc\u00e7 noktay\u0131 \u00f6zetlemek istiyorum:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bir teknoloji olarak blok zincirleri, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f veritabanlar\u0131na tutturulmu\u015f konsens\u00fcs olu\u015fturma algoritmalar\u0131. Yapt\u0131klar\u0131 i\u015fi son derece verimsiz bir \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmelerini (g\u00fcya) merkezsiz olmalar\u0131yla telafi ediyorlar.<\/li>\n<li>Kripto para birimleri ilk ba\u015fta ger\u00e7ek para birimlerine alternatif olarak tasarland\u0131. Bu hedefe ula\u015fmakta korkun\u00e7 derecede ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldular. Hemen son derece de\u011fi\u015fken spek\u00fclatif varl\u0131klara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcler ve o noktadan bu yana hi\u00e7bir pratik amaca hizmet etmiyorlar. Blok zincirleri sorununu arayan bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olmaya devam ediyor.<\/li>\n<li>Merkezsizle\u015fmenin temel vaadi hi\u00e7 yerine getirilmedi, bu da t\u00fcm giri\u015fimin temeline dinamit koyuyor. Merkezi kripto para, dijital bankac\u0131l\u0131ktan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fil. Bunun da her y\u00f6nden \u00e7ok daha iyi uygulanan haline zaten sahibiz. Ancak kripto para bu noktaya kavramsal olarak tam tersini in\u015fa etme kisvesi alt\u0131nda geldi. Geriye d\u00f6n\u00fcp bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda s\u0131rf yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ironi i\u00e7in bile t\u00fcm bunlara de\u011fmi\u015f olabilir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Bir sonraki b\u00f6l\u00fcmde: Ethereum\u2019un ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri, de\u011fi\u015ftirilemez token\u2019lar ve end\u00fcstriyel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte inan\u0131lmaz derecede e\u015fsiz resimler yapma sanat\u0131. Bizden ayr\u0131lmay\u0131n!\u2026<\/p>\n<input type=\"hidden\" class=\"category_for_banner\" value=\"ksc\">\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Genel olarak kripto, \u00f6zel olarak NFT&#8217;ler hakk\u0131nda bilmek istedi\u011finiz her \u015feye ve bu teknolojiyi neden sevmedi\u011fime dair bir yaz\u0131.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2658,"featured_media":10967,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[995],"tags":[374,1098,1444,1544,1500,2577],"class_list":{"0":"post-10946","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-technology","8":"tag-bitcoin","9":"tag-blok-zinciri","10":"tag-ethereum","11":"tag-kripto-para","12":"tag-kripto-para-birimleri","13":"tag-nft"},"hreflang":[{"hreflang":"tr","url":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.com.tr\/blog\/crypto-actually-blockchains-and-cryptocurrencies\/10946\/"},{"hreflang":"en-in","url":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.co.in\/blog\/crypto-actually-blockchains-and-cryptocurrencies\/24470\/"},{"hreflang":"en-ae","url":"https:\/\/me-en.kaspersky.com\/blog\/crypto-actually-blockchains-and-cryptocurrencies\/19936\/"},{"hreflang":"ar","url":"https:\/\/me.kaspersky.com\/blog\/crypto-actually-blockchains-and-cryptocurrencies\/10066\/"},{"hreflang":"en-us","url":"https:\/\/usa.kaspersky.com\/blog\/crypto-actually-blockchains-and-cryptocurrencies\/26914\/"},{"hreflang":"en-gb","url":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.co.uk\/blog\/crypto-actually-blockchains-and-cryptocurrencies\/24830\/"},{"hreflang":"es-mx","url":"https:\/\/latam.kaspersky.com\/blog\/crypto-actually-blockchains-and-cryptocurrencies\/25209\/"},{"hreflang":"es","url":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.es\/blog\/crypto-actually-blockchains-and-cryptocurrencies\/27531\/"},{"hreflang":"it","url":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.it\/blog\/crypto-actually-blockchains-and-cryptocurrencies\/27194\/"},{"hreflang":"ru","url":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.ru\/blog\/crypto-actually-blockchains-and-cryptocurrencies\/33885\/"},{"hreflang":"x-default","url":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.com\/blog\/crypto-actually-blockchains-and-cryptocurrencies\/45181\/"},{"hreflang":"fr","url":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.fr\/blog\/crypto-actually-blockchains-and-cryptocurrencies\/19352\/"},{"hreflang":"pt-br","url":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.com.br\/blog\/crypto-actually-blockchains-and-cryptocurrencies\/19969\/"},{"hreflang":"de","url":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.de\/blog\/crypto-actually-blockchains-and-cryptocurrencies\/29256\/"},{"hreflang":"ja","url":"https:\/\/blog.kaspersky.co.jp\/crypto-actually-blockchains-and-cryptocurrencies\/32944\/"},{"hreflang":"nl","url":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.nl\/blog\/crypto-actually-blockchains-and-cryptocurrencies\/28438\/"},{"hreflang":"ru-kz","url":"https:\/\/blog.kaspersky.kz\/crypto-actually-blockchains-and-cryptocurrencies\/25370\/"},{"hreflang":"en-au","url":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.com.au\/blog\/crypto-actually-blockchains-and-cryptocurrencies\/30875\/"},{"hreflang":"en-za","url":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.co.za\/blog\/crypto-actually-blockchains-and-cryptocurrencies\/30583\/"}],"acf":[],"banners":"","maintag":{"url":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.com.tr\/blog\/tag\/kripto-para\/","name":"kripto para"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10946","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2658"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10946"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10946\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10978,"href":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10946\/revisions\/10978"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10967"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10946"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10946"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10946"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}