{"id":11070,"date":"2022-10-04T15:22:46","date_gmt":"2022-10-04T12:22:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.com.tr\/blog\/?p=11070"},"modified":"2022-10-17T23:44:07","modified_gmt":"2022-10-17T20:44:07","slug":"crypto-actually-non-fungible-tokens","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.com.tr\/blog\/crypto-actually-non-fungible-tokens\/11070\/","title":{"rendered":"Kriptonun ger\u00e7ekleri. \u0130kinci B\u00f6l\u00fcm: De\u011fi\u015ftirilemez token&#8217;lar"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>.c-wysiwyg blockquote{background: rgb(0 153 129 \/ 10%);}.c-wysiwyg blockquote p{font-style:normal} .img-big { width: 100vw!important; max-width: 66.875rem!important; left: 53%!important; position: relative; transform: translateX(-50%); }.accent{color: #00a88e; margin: 0;font-size:1.5rem;font-weight: 900;}.c-wysiwyg .accented-list li:before {top:1.15rem}.c-wysiwyg .accented-list li{margin-bottom:1.25rem}.c-wysiwyg hr+*{margin-top:2.5rem}.c-wysiwyg hr{border-bottom: 2px solid #00a88e; width: 120px;margin: 1rem 0 -1.25rem 0;}blockquote h5 { color: #00a88e; font-style: initial; } span.accented-quote { display: block; font-size: 60px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 20px; margin-top: 30px; margin-left: -3px; }@media(min-width: 40.6875rem){.accent{font-size:2rem}.c-wysiwyg .accented-list li:before {top:1.75rem}.c-wysiwyg hr{border-bottom: 2px solid #00a88e; width: 160px;}}.c-wysiwyg ol>li:before{left: -1.85rem; top: -0.25em; font-size: 2.875rem;}.c-wysiwyg ol>li{padding-left: 1rem;}span.footnotes { position: relative; display: inline-block; border-bottom: 3px dashed #e5f6f3; line-height: 1em;transition: 0.5s; background: transparent; color: #00a88e; cursor: pointer; } span.note { color: rgba(0,0,0,.8); position: absolute;line-height: 1.6em; width: 500px; opacity: 0; visibility: hidden; left: 0; top: 15px; transform: translateX(-50%); transition: 0.3s; background: white; padding: 15px 20px; box-shadow: 0px 3px 7px #ababab; border-radius: 3px; cursor: initial; } span.footnotes:hover { background: #00a88e2e; } span.footnotes:hover .note { z-index:999;opacity: 1; visibility: visible; }@media(max-width:768px){span.footnotes:hover .note{display:block;box-shadow: 0 0 0 4000px #7070707a;}span.footnotes .note {display: none; position: fixed; bottom: 0; top: auto; left: 0%!important; right: 0%!important; width:100vw; box-shadow: 0 0 0 4000px #70707000; z-index: 9999;transform: none;}}.c-wysiwyg .illustration-list { margin-left: 0; display: grid; grid-column-gap: 5vw; grid-template-areas: \"a a\" \"b c\" \"d e\"; } @media (max-width: 640px) { .illustration-list { grid-template-areas:\"a\" \"b\" \"c\" \"d\" \"e\" }  } .c-wysiwyg .illustration-list li { margin-bottom: 2em; } .illustration-list li:before { display: none; } .illustration-list span.accent { font-size: 1em; } .illustration-list img { width: 128px; }.desktop-banner {display:block!important} .mobile-banner{display:none!important} @media(max-width:768px){.desktop-banner {display: none!important} .mobile-banner{display: block!important}}<\/style>\n<p>Yaz\u0131 dizimizin <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.com.tr\/blog\/crypto-actually-blockchains-and-cryptocurrencies\/10946\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">kripto para birimleri hakk\u0131nda temel bilgiler veren<\/a> birinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc a\u011fz\u0131m\u0131zda buruk bir tat b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kripto para birimlerinin asl\u0131nda birer para birimi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, sadece (Wall Street\u2019ten sonra) d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck ve en eri\u015filebilir kumarhanesini yaratmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 savunmu\u015ftum. Yaz\u0131y\u0131 kripto para merakl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla provokatif bulaca\u011f\u0131 bir ifadeyle bitirmi\u015ftim: <em>Blok zinciri, sorununu arayan bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Bu ifadeye kar\u015f\u0131 arg\u00fcmanlar eminim Ethereum i\u00e7in de kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. Ba\u015fka bir blok zinciri olan ve birinci b\u00f6l\u00fcmde birka\u00e7 defa de\u011findi\u011fim Ethereum\u2019a \u015fimdi esasl\u0131 bir giri\u015f yapaca\u011f\u0131z. Bitcoin\u2019e k\u0131yasla b\u00fcy\u00fck kavramsal iyile\u015ftirmelere sahip olan Ethereum, \u201cak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler\u201d etraf\u0131nda \u015fekillenen \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli yeni uygulamalar getirdi. Merkezsiz Otonom Organizasyonlar (DAO\u2019lar) ve De\u011fi\u015ftirilemez Token\u2019lar (NFT\u2019ler) bu uygulamalardan baz\u0131lar\u0131. B\u00f6ylece kendimizi Ethereum\u2019un ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feyler hakk\u0131nda fikir y\u00fcr\u00fctmeye ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce yeniden bu teknolojinin teknik y\u00f6nlerini derinlikli olarak inceleme ihtiyac\u0131 i\u00e7inde bulduk.<\/p>\n<h2>Ether sahneye giriyor<\/h2>\n<p>2013\u2019te, gen\u00e7 bir Bitcoin merakl\u0131s\u0131 olan <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitalik_Buterin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Vitalik Buterin<\/a> kendi tasarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir kripto para birimini yay\u0131nlad\u0131. Buterin\u2019e g\u00f6re blok zincirinin yaln\u0131zca basit i\u015flem kay\u0131tlar\u0131 i\u00e7ermesi i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir sebep yoktu. Bunun yerine kod i\u00e7erse nas\u0131l olur diye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_11072\" style=\"width: 1034px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11072\" class=\"wp-image-11072 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/media.kasperskydaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/91\/2022\/10\/04110944\/crypto-actually-non-fungible-tokens-001-1024x518.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"518\"><p id=\"caption-attachment-11072\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ne de olsa blok zincirlerine \u00e7ok fazla kod s\u0131\u011fabilirdi!<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Ethereum altta yatan \u201cpara birimini\u201d (Ether) bir hesaptan di\u011ferine g\u00f6ndermeyi desteklemeye devam etse de bundan \u00e7ok daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 yapabiliyor. A\u011f\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 programlar yazabiliyor (\u201cak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler\u201d), bunlar\u0131 blok zincirlerinde depolayabiliyor ve a\u00e7t\u0131klar\u0131 fonksiyonlarla di\u011fer insanlar\u0131n etkile\u015fim kurmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayabiliyor <span class=\"footnotes\">[1]<span class=\"note\"> Bu blok zincirinde kullan\u0131lan Solidity adl\u0131 programlama dili, programlay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n belirli izinlere sahip (\u00f6rne\u011fin, yaln\u0131zca s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin \u015fu anki sahibi eri\u015febilir) veya bir \u00f6demenin havale edilmesini gerektiren i\u015flevleri tan\u0131mlamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yor ve ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin temelini olu\u015fturuyor.<\/span><\/span>. Bu at\u0131l\u0131m blok zincirinin do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirdi; Bitcoin da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir veritaban\u0131yken Ethereum <strong>program durumlar\u0131n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir kayd\u0131<\/strong> haline geldi. \u0130\u015flem \u00fccreti konsepti (art\u0131k \u201cgas\u201d deniyor) bu yeni paradigmaya g\u00f6re elden ge\u00e7irildi ve art\u0131k kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen talimat ba\u015f\u0131na \u00fccret \u00f6demesi gerekiyor <span class=\"footnotes\">[2]<span class=\"note\"> Talimat ba\u015f\u0131na \u00fccrete g\u00f6nderici taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilen farkl\u0131 bir miktar da eklenebiliyor. Daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u201cbah\u015fi\u015f\u201d vermek, i\u015flemin s\u0131rada \u00f6ne ge\u00e7ip di\u011ferlerinden \u00f6nce i\u015flenmesini sa\u011fl\u0131yor. Birden fazla ki\u015finin al\u0131m i\u00e7in rekabet etti\u011fi durumlarda bu \u201cgas sava\u015flar\u0131na\u201d yol a\u00e7\u0131yor. T\u00fcm zamanlar\u0131n rekoru (<a href=\"https:\/\/bitinfocharts.com\/comparison\/ethereum-transactionfees.html#1y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">1 May\u0131s 2022\u2019de<\/a>) 200.000 USD civar\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/span><\/span>. A\u011f\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 yaln\u0131zca eskisi gibi i\u015flemleri do\u011frulamakla kalm\u0131yor, ayn\u0131 zamanda istenen fonksiyonlar y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fckten sonra yeni durumu i\u015fleyip depolamak i\u00e7in s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kodunu da \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yorlar. Bu da Ethereum kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n sistemin genelinden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddia edilen bir meta bilgisayar\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran \u201cEthereum Sanal Makinesine\u201d ba\u015fvurmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7\u0131yor.<\/p>\n<p>Bu konsept sayesinde Ethereum, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ancak g\u00fcvene dayal\u0131 olmayan yerle\u015fik programlama \u00e7er\u00e7evesiyle bilgi i\u015flem alg\u0131m\u0131zda bir devrim tetiklemeyi umuyor. Bunun alt\u0131nda yatan fikir, Bitcoin\u2019in bankac\u0131l\u0131k end\u00fcstrisinin \u00fcst\u00fcne giderken h\u0131rstan yoksun olmas\u0131. Ne de olsa di\u011fer bir \u00e7ok end\u00fcstri de \u00fcst\u00fcnde dikkatle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f bir ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilecek arac\u0131larla ve g\u00fcvenilen taraflarla dolu. \u00d6rne\u011fin, sigorta \u015firketleri, kargo da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m sistemleri, hatta belki g\u00fcn\u00fcn birinde devletler.<\/p>\n<h2>Ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler (asl\u0131nda aptal programlard\u0131r)<\/h2>\n<p>Alana \u00f6zg\u00fc (ve do\u011frusu gereksiz) terminolojinin \u00e7ok fazla kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla sizin de dikkatinizi \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. Kripto para d\u00fcnyas\u0131, finans sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6rnek alarak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feyleri kula\u011fa etkileyici gelen bir jargonun arkas\u0131na gizliyor. Bunun faaliyetlerini incelemek isteyen insanlar\u0131 cayd\u0131rmaya y\u00f6nelik bir giri\u015fim oldu\u011fundan \u015f\u00fcpheleniyorum. B\u00fct\u00fcn yaz\u0131 dizisi boyunca buna kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele vermemiz gerekti.<\/p>\n<p>Ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler de bunun tipik bir \u00f6rne\u011fi. Ger\u00e7ek d\u00fcnyada \u00e7ok g\u00fcven verici bir \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015f\u0131ma sahip oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in bu ismin verildi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. S\u00f6zle\u015fmeler <em>g\u00fcvenli<\/em> \u015feyler olarak alg\u0131lan\u0131yor, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bir de \u201cak\u0131ll\u0131\u201d olduklar\u0131nda do\u011fal olarak asla \u015fa\u015fmayacaklar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyoruz. Ne yaz\u0131k ki \u201cak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme\u201d kavram\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan her iki s\u00f6zc\u00fck de yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131. Birincisi, yaln\u0131zca programc\u0131lar\u0131 kadar ak\u0131ll\u0131lar; bunun ortalama olarak ne anlama geldi\u011fini okuyucuya b\u0131rak\u0131yorum. \u0130kincisi, (blok zinciri operasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fs\u00fcz olmas\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc) ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 olsalar da, geleneksel olarak ger\u00e7ek hayattaki s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerle ili\u015fkilendirilen hi\u00e7bir garantiyi sa\u011flam\u0131yorlar. S\u00f6zle\u015fme ihlal edildi\u011fi takdirde ya da s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi imzalayacak <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/wex\/capacity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">yetkiye<\/a> sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda (\u00f6rne\u011fin, re\u015fit de\u011filseniz) veya s\u00f6zle\u015fme yasal de\u011filse ba\u015fvurabilece\u011finiz bir kripto mahkemesi yok. Ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelere dApp, yani merkezsiz uygulama da deniyor; bence bu biraz daha iyi bir terim.<\/p>\n<p>Etheruem\u2019a inananlar, ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin do\u011fas\u0131na ve de\u011ferine y\u00f6nelik t\u00fcm itirazlar\u0131, <a href=\"https:\/\/ethereumclassic.org\/why-classic\/code-is-law\/#:~:text=Code%2520is%2520Law%2520is%2520made,force%2520from%2520outside%2520the%2520network.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Kod Kanundur<\/a> deyi\u015fiyle sistematik olarak reddediyor. \u201cKod Kanundur\u201d d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin alt\u0131nda, ak\u0131ll\u0131 bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme koddan olu\u015ftu\u011fu i\u00e7in hile yap\u0131lmas\u0131na f\u0131rsat tan\u0131mayaca\u011f\u0131 fikri yat\u0131yor. S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin i\u00e7inde her ne varsa a\u011fdaki n\u00f6tr makineler taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcyor ve blok zinciri mekanizmas\u0131 sonu\u00e7la oynanamayaca\u011f\u0131na dair g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc garantiler sunuyor. S\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle t\u00fcm etkile\u015fimler de (fonksiyon \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131yla) blok zincirinde herkese a\u00e7\u0131k \u015fekilde kay\u0131t alt\u0131na al\u0131n\u0131yor. Kurallar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmak \u00e7ok bariz olaca\u011f\u0131ndan kimse buna yana\u015fm\u0131yor. Peki sorun ne?<\/p>\n<p>Bir tanesi, s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 programlama deneyimine sahip olan birinin bile a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6rebilece\u011fi bir sorun. Diyelim ki hacker\u2019\u0131n her \u015feyi kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerle\u015fik bir hata \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc sistemiyle \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarlarda paray\u0131 idare etmek i\u00e7in bir kod yazman\u0131z gerekiyor ve d\u00fcnyadaki herkes bu kodla etkile\u015fime ge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Commit_(version_control)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">tek bir \u015fans\u0131n\u0131z var<\/a>. Blok zincirinde verileri modifiye edemeyece\u011finizi ve insanlar kullanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131ktan sonra s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri de\u011fi\u015ftirmenin olduk\u00e7a k\u00f6t\u00fc olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da unutmay\u0131n <span class=\"footnotes\">[3]<span class=\"note\"> Asl\u0131nda y\u00fckseltme mekanizmalar\u0131 sa\u011flaman\u0131n yollar\u0131 var, ancak bunlar hem \u00e7ok pahal\u0131 hem de karma\u015f\u0131k mimariler kurmay\u0131 gerektiriyor. Ayr\u0131ca i\u015fin i\u00e7ine bu t\u00fcr ihtimaller kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hatalar\u0131 yamalama becerisi, s\u00f6zle\u015fme geli\u015ftiriciler i\u00e7in Catch-22 gibi k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131m olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karabilir.<\/span><\/span>. S\u0131f\u0131r hata yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131za ne kadar g\u00fcvenebilirsiniz?<\/p>\n<p>Soruna di\u011fer taraftan yakla\u015fal\u0131m; bir ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olarak, ger\u00e7ek bir kod denetimi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek gerekti\u011finde \u201cger\u00e7ek r\u0131za\u201d alma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z nedir? Bu kesinlikle teorik de\u011fil. Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz Nisan ay\u0131nda birka\u00e7 hatan\u0131n ke\u015ffedilmesiyle AkuDreams NFT projesi ciddi bir terslikle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131 ve dApp tam bir \u00e7\u0131kmaza girdi. Sonu\u00e7ta <a href=\"https:\/\/cointelegraph.com\/news\/akudreams-dev-team-locks-up-34m-due-to-smart-contract-bug\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">34 M USD de\u011ferinde para sonsuza kadar s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin i\u00e7inde kald\u0131<\/a>, orijinal geli\u015ftiricisi dahil hi\u00e7 kimse fonlara eri\u015femiyor <span class=\"footnotes\">[4]<span class=\"note\"> dApp\u2019deki hatalara dair, bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ruhunu yok edebilecek t\u00fcrden trajik kurnazl\u0131klar\u0131 iyi g\u00f6steren derinlikli bir analize buradan ula\u015fabilirsiniz.<\/span><\/span>. <em>B\u00f6yle bir durumda \u201ckat\u0131 da olsa kanun kanundur\u201d mu diyece\u011fiz?<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-11073\" src=\"https:\/\/media.kasperskydaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/91\/2022\/10\/04111459\/crypto-actually-non-fungible-tokens-003.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"488\" height=\"274\"><\/p>\n<h2>De\u011fi\u015fmez programlar\u0131n ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/h2>\n<p>Optimistler bu noktada <a href=\"https:\/\/decrypt.co\/90933\/nearly-1-5m-ethereum-still-missing-multichain-crypto-hack\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ka\u00e7 tane<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/@QubitFin\/protocol-exploit-report-305c34540fa3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">hatal\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/arstechnica.com\/information-technology\/2021\/12\/hackers-drain-31-million-from-cryptocurrency-service-monox-finance\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">\u00f6rne\u011fi<\/a> verirsem vereyim bunun s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin do\u011fru \u015fekilde uygulanamayaca\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmedi\u011fini, alan\u0131n sadece olgunla\u015fmak ve uzmanl\u0131k kazanmak i\u00e7in daha fazla zamana ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebilir. Fakat ben tam tersini savunuyorum: Alan\u0131n nesnel olarak basit uygulamalar\u0131 g\u00fcvenli \u015fekilde geli\u015ftirme becerisinden ne kadar yoksun oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rd\u00fck\u00e7e daha karma\u015f\u0131k s\u00f6zle\u015fmelere ge\u00e7me fikri iyice ak\u0131l d\u0131\u015f\u0131 geliyor. <a href=\"https:\/\/intellias.com\/how-to-make-a-smart-contract-work-for-the-insurance-industry\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Sigorta poli\u00e7elerinin<\/a> dApp\u2019e \u00e7evrilebilece\u011fine inananlar ya sigorta poli\u00e7elerinin ne kadar karma\u015f\u0131k oldu\u011fundan haberi olmayan programc\u0131lar ya da hayat\u0131nda tek sat\u0131r kod yazmam\u0131\u015f sigortac\u0131lar (\u00fcstelik blok zincirlerinin yang\u0131nlar ve araba kazalar\u0131 gibi ger\u00e7ek hayatta ya\u015fanan \u00e7o\u011fu \u015feyden bihaber olmas\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00f6zard\u0131 ediyorum).<\/p>\n<p>On y\u0131ldan uzun s\u00fcredir g\u00fcvenlik end\u00fcstrisinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan biri olarak, ger\u00e7ek hayattaki teknolojilerin yan\u0131zca tek seferde yaz\u0131labilen bir ortama ta\u015f\u0131nabilece\u011fini ciddi ciddi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen herkesin kafay\u0131 yemi\u015f oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemem gerekiyor. Blok zincirinin (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.com.tr\/blog\/crypto-actually-blockchains-and-cryptocurrencies\/10946\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bu yaz\u0131 dizisinin birinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde<\/a> s\u0131ralanan) sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 hesaba katmasak bile, tarih bize programlama hatalar\u0131n\u0131n daima oldu\u011funu ve olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, yamalar\u0131n hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan birer gereklilik oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. En k\u00f6t\u00fc ihtimalle g\u00fcn\u00fcn birinde, t\u0131pk\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015fte bir\u00e7ok ba\u015fka programlama dilinde oldu\u011fu gibi Solidity i\u00e7inde de bir tasar\u0131m hatas\u0131 ke\u015ffedilebilir. O zaman b\u00fct\u00fcn bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmelere ne olacak?<\/p>\n<p>Esnekli\u011fin olmamas\u0131 her a\u00e7\u0131dan sanc\u0131l\u0131 bir durum. Blok zincirinde olan olmu\u015ftur; hatal\u0131 programlar geri al\u0131namaz, bir \u015fekilde mahkeme karar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 ba\u015farsan\u0131z bile kazalar ve hacklemeler geri \u00e7evrilemez. Mali y\u0131k\u0131mdan bir t\u0131k uzakta oldu\u011funuz b\u00f6ylesi ac\u0131mas\u0131z bir ekosistem, elbette doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar i\u00e7in de bulunmaz bir nimet (bu konuya daha sonra de\u011finece\u011fim).<\/p>\n<h2>Merkezsiz Otonom Organizasyonlar (DAO)<\/h2>\n<p>NFT\u2019lere ge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce tan\u0131tmak istedi\u011fim son bir kavram daha var; bu kavram, t\u00fcm kripto para end\u00fcstrisi hakk\u0131nda en iyi fikri verecek inan\u0131lmaz bir hikaye anlatmam\u0131 sa\u011flayacak.<\/p>\n<p>dApp\u2019lerin ne oldu\u011funu anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131za g\u00f6re, bunlar\u0131n bir t\u00fcr y\u00f6neti\u015fim sistemi olarak da kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hayal etmek zor olmasa gerek. DAO\u2019lar\u0131 kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n fon havuzu olu\u015fturabildikleri ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilirsiniz. S\u00f6zle\u015fme, fonlar\u0131n nas\u0131l kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda ne \u015fekilde oy verilece\u011fine, bu oylar\u0131n hangi \u015fartlarda nas\u0131l geri \u00e7ekilebilece\u011fine vb. dair \u00f6nceden belirlenen bir dizi kural\u0131 kod haline getiriyor (bu kurallar do\u011fru \u015fekilde uygulanabilir veya uygulanmayabilir).<\/p>\n<p>Taraftarlar\u0131na g\u00f6re DAO\u2019lar toplumda devrim yaratma ve g\u00fc\u00e7 yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 yeniden tan\u0131mlama potansiyeline sahip; \u015feffaf ve adil <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2022\/06\/are-dao-the-business-structures-of-the-future\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imlerine<\/a> olanak sa\u011flayarak topluluk y\u00f6netiminin gelece\u011fini temsil ediyorlar. Ne var ki ben sosyal etkile\u015fimleri siber d\u00fcnyaya kaz\u0131nm\u0131\u015f sabit kural dizileriyle \u00e7\u00f6zme fikrini tam aksine olduk\u00e7a kusurlu buluyorum. Sosyal etkile\u015fimler koda \u00e7evrilebilse bile (ki \u00e7evrilemez), hatalar ve <a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Belirme\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan problemli davran\u0131\u015flar<\/a> olmadan uygulanabilse bile (ki uygulanamaz) normlar s\u00fcrekli bir de\u011fi\u015fim i\u00e7erisindedir. D\u00fcnya her g\u00fcn de\u011fi\u015fiyor. Bazen d\u00fcnk\u00fc kurallar\u0131 bug\u00fcn bozmam\u0131z gerekiyor.<\/p>\n<p>May\u0131s 2016\u2019da yarat\u0131lan ilk DAO\u2019nun ad\u0131 sadece DAO\u2019ydu. Bu benzersiz sosyal deneyin potansiyeline ve bunun bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olma f\u0131rsat\u0131na kap\u0131lan insanlar projeye ak\u0131n etti ve proje o g\u00fcnlerde yakla\u015f\u0131k 150 milyon USD toplad\u0131. DAO\u2019nun merkezsiz bir giri\u015fim sermayesi fonu olarak i\u015flemesi gerekiyordu. \u0130nsanlar i\u015f konusunda bilgili (\u015f\u00fcphesiz \u00fcnl\u00fc Reddit Ekonomi Fak\u00fcltesi\u2019nden yeni mezun olan) DAO \u00fcyelerine projelerini sunacak, \u00fcyeler de oy yetkilerini kullanarak hangi projelerin desteklenece\u011fine karar verecekti.<\/p>\n<p>Ne yaz\u0131k ki bir ba\u015fka <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gemini.com\/cryptopedia\/the-dao-hack-makerdao\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme g\u00fcvenlik a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/a>, bir sald\u0131rgan\u0131n fon taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen ETH\u2019in yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7te birini \u00e7almas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7land\u0131. \u00c7al\u0131nan para, blok zincirindeki t\u00fcm kripto paran\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k %5\u2019ine tekab\u00fcl ediyordu. Bu da benzer bir \u201cne olursa olsun kod kanundur\u201d meselesi gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de ekosistemde o kadar fazla b\u00fcy\u00fck oyuncu zarar g\u00f6rd\u00fc ki bir \u201csert \u00e7atallanma\u201d (hard fork) organize edilebildi. Blok zincirinin hileyle yap\u0131lan i\u015flemin hi\u00e7 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi\u011fi bir kopyas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturdular ve bunu kullanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. \u00d6z\u00fcnde ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi iki alternatif versiyona ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015f oldular. Hem t\u00fcm b\u00fcy\u00fck akt\u00f6rler hem de Ethereum\u2019un geli\u015ftiricileri resmi olarak bu hacklenmemi\u015f \u201calternatif zaman ak\u0131\u015f\u0131na\u201d ge\u00e7tiler; o zamandan bu yana da bunu kullan\u0131yorlar. B\u00f6ylelikle alternatif versiyon <em>de facto<\/em> standart haline geldi. Olay\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Ethereum Classic olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f bir kripto para birimi olarak hayat\u0131na devam eden di\u011fer versiyon ise o kadar merkezile\u015fti ki 2019\u2019da bir <a href=\"https:\/\/cointelegraph.com\/news\/coinbase-ethereum-classic-double-spending-involved-more-than-11-million-in-crypto\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">%51 sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131<\/a> meydana geldi.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_11074\" style=\"width: 499px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11074\" class=\"wp-image-11074 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/media.kasperskydaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/91\/2022\/10\/04111610\/crypto-actually-non-fungible-tokens-005.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"489\" height=\"489\"><p id=\"caption-attachment-11074\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ethereum geli\u015ftiricileri hacklenmedikleri bir paralel evrene ge\u00e7i\u015f yap\u0131yor<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Bu hikaye, e\u015fitlik\u00e7i ve merkezsiz bir ekosistem mitini yerle bir ediyor. Sak\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015f bir fikre kap\u0131lmay\u0131n; bu i\u015fe bula\u015f\u0131p doland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rsan\u0131z blok zinciri sizin i\u00e7in de\u011fi\u015ftirilmeyecek. Ancak elitler tehdit alt\u0131nda oldu\u011funda b\u00fct\u00fcn garantiler \u00e7\u00f6pe at\u0131l\u0131yor ve sistem i\u00e7erisindeki devasa finansal ve politik g\u00fc\u00e7lerini kullarak kendilerini kurtar\u0131p \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcklerini yeniden kurman\u0131n bir yolunu <span class=\"footnotes\">[5]<span class=\"note\"> Daha fazla DAO \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 duymak istiyorsan\u0131z size \u201cbeceriksizlik ve kibir\u201d kategorisinden SpiceDAO hikayesini \u00f6nerebilirim. Hikayede, y\u00f6netmen Alejandro Jodorowsky\u2019ye ait \u00e7ekilmemi\u015f bir Dune film uyarlamas\u0131n\u0131n senaryosunu ele ge\u00e7iren bir grup, bunun sayesinde e\u011flence sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir holding kurabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor ve i\u015fler geli\u015fiyor.<\/span><\/span> (gerekirse blok zincirinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karak) mutlaka buluyorlar.<\/p>\n<h2>Nihayet: De\u011fi\u015ftirilemez Token\u2019\u0131n tan\u0131m\u0131<\/h2>\n<p>Sonunda t\u00fcm arka plan bilgilerini edinip NFT\u2019lerin ne oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klayaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z k\u0131sma geldik. Kavramsal a\u00e7\u0131dan karma\u015f\u0131k olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in NFT\u2019lerin birka\u00e7 farkl\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131dan tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131 gerekiyor. Pratik y\u00f6nden bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir NFT, blok zincirine kay\u0131tl\u0131 bir m\u00fclkiyet sertifikas\u0131. Bunu ger\u00e7ek hayattaki kumarhane pullar\u0131na benzetebiliriz: Pul sizdeyse kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k geldi\u011fi miktar sizindir, ancak bir ba\u015fkas\u0131na vermekte veya bir al\u0131c\u0131 bulursan\u0131z satmakta da \u00f6zg\u00fcrs\u00fcn\u00fcz. Teknik olarak bu pullardan (token\u2019lardan) birini veya daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 tutan \u015fey bir ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmedir. Bunu, kimin hangi token\u2019a sahip oldu\u011funu ve transferlerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren fonksiyonlar\u0131 listeleyen bir hesap \u00e7izelgesi gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebiliriz.<\/p>\n<p>Kayna\u011f\u0131n kendisini blok zincirinde depolamak \u00e7ok pahal\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler tipik olarak her bir token\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen kayna\u011fa i\u015faret eden ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flant\u0131lar en k\u00f6t\u00fc ihtimalle d\u00fcz bir HTTPS ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 olabilir, bu durumda ba\u011flant\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmesi ya\u015fanabilir (yani, alan ad\u0131n\u0131n tarihi ge\u00e7ece\u011fi veya el de\u011fi\u015ftirece\u011fi i\u00e7in birka\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra URL hi\u00e7bir yere \u00e7\u0131kmayabilir). <a href=\"https:\/\/ipfs.io\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">IPFS ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131<\/a> kullanmak daha iyi bir yakla\u015f\u0131m olsa da, o da <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/jonty\/status\/1372170724459343874\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">kusursuz de\u011fildir<\/a>. Bir de tabii depolamay\u0131 kontrol eden ki\u015finin sat\u0131\u015f sonras\u0131nda ba\u011flant\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6b\u00fcr ucundaki \u015feyi bir <a href=\"https:\/\/moxie.org\/2022\/01\/07\/web3-first-impressions.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">kaka emojisiyle<\/a> de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyece\u011fine de g\u00fcvenmeniz gerekir.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_11075\" style=\"width: 596px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11075\" class=\"wp-image-11075 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/media.kasperskydaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/91\/2022\/10\/04111644\/crypto-actually-non-fungible-tokens-007.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"586\" height=\"429\"><p id=\"caption-attachment-11075\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bir ba\u011flant\u0131 sat\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda olan budur<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Ku\u015fkuyla \u201cBir dakika, bu kadar m\u0131?\u201d diye sorabilirsiniz. Evet. Hepsi bu. De\u011fi\u015ftirilemez bir token sahibi olmak, bir yerlerde bir ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin \u201cID numaras\u0131 0x12345 olan pula [\u015eu \u0130simdeki Ki\u015fi] sahiptir\u201d diyen bir durumda olmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. Bu m\u00fclkiyetten ne gibi haklar veya yetkiler \u00e7\u0131karabilece\u011finiz \u00e7ok fazla de\u011fi\u015fkenlik g\u00f6sterir. Token\u2019lar daha farkl\u0131 uygulamalar taraf\u0131ndan da kullan\u0131labilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir geli\u015ftirici belirli kanallara yaln\u0131zc\u0131 belirli bir token\u2019a sahipseniz eri\u015febildi\u011finiz bir anl\u0131k mesajla\u015fma uygulamas\u0131 yaratabilir. Ya da belirli bir dApp ile yaln\u0131zca belirli bir token\u2019a sahip olanlar etkile\u015fim kurabilir. Bu kullan\u0131mlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 sadece bir tak\u0131m sosyal in\u015falar da olabilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin bir sanat\u00e7\u0131, her bir eserin bir token\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k geldi\u011fi ve token\u2019a sahip olan ki\u015finin ilgili dosyaya da sahip oldu\u011fu bir dApp yaratabilir. Bu da bizi NFT alan\u0131ndaki \u00e7ok tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 bir soruya getiriyor.<\/p>\n<h2>Dijital m\u00fclkiyet ne anlama gelir?<\/h2>\n<p>Dijital \u00fcr\u00fcnlere sahip olma fikri, NFT\u2019lerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131ndan \u00e7ok uzun s\u00fcre \u00f6ncesinden beri var. Oyuncular kullan\u0131p de\u011fer elde edebilecekleri (\u00f6rne\u011fin canavarlar\u0131 daha kolay \u00f6ld\u00fcrebilecekleri) S Tier ekipmanlar edinebilmek i\u00e7in MMORPG\u2019lerde y\u0131llard\u0131r u\u011fra\u015f\u0131p duruyor. Yine de bu oyun i\u00e7i nesnelere asl\u0131nda sahip olmad\u0131klar\u0131, bunlar\u0131n oyun geli\u015ftiricinin veritaban\u0131ndaki birer girdiden ibaret oldu\u011fu savunulabilir. B\u00f6yle bir nesne teorik olarak her an silinebilir; hatta g\u00fcn\u00fcn birinde oyun art\u0131k desteklenmemeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ve sunucular\u0131 kapat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda mutlaka silinecektir. NFT destek\u00e7ilerinin g\u00f6z\u00fcnde bu durum, m\u00fclkiyet bilgilerini keyfi kararlara kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fcvende olacaklar\u0131 blok zincirine ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in iyi bir sebep (tabii ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmede herhangi bir arka kap\u0131 veya hata olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 varsayarsak). Oyun ortadan kalkarsa veya oyunun geli\u015ftiricisi bundan sonra kullanamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 s\u00f6ylerse blok zinciri destekli +100 k\u0131l\u0131c\u0131n\u0131zla ne yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 hala bilmiyoruz, fakat bunu da bo\u015fverin.<\/p>\n<p>Daha ac\u0131 bir ger\u00e7ek var: <strong>Sadece dijital alana \u00f6zg\u00fc bir m\u00fclkiyet konsepti yok<\/strong> ve asla olamaz. Yaz\u0131l\u0131m end\u00fcstrisinin geri kalan\u0131 bunu \u00e7ok uzun zaman \u00f6nce anlad\u0131. \u00c7evrimi\u00e7i olarak bir program sat\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, size yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 kullanmak gibi belirli haklar veren bir lisans alm\u0131\u015f oluyorsunuz. Fakat program\u0131n sahibi siz olmuyorsunuz; program, geli\u015ftiricisinin fikri m\u00fclkiyetinde kalmaya devam ediyor. Di\u011fer yandan, dijital alanda <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/wex\/theft\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k<\/a> konsepti de yok (\u201ch\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k, ba\u015fka birinin ki\u015fisel m\u00fclk\u00fcn\u00fc, o ki\u015fiyi m\u00fclk\u00fcn\u00fc kullanmaktan yoksun k\u0131lacak \u015fekilde almakt\u0131r\u201d) \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc her \u015fey veri. Hukuki a\u00e7\u0131dan sizin verilerinizi \u00e7alamam, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ard\u0131ndan verilerinizden yoksun kalmayacaks\u0131n\u0131z. Yaln\u0131zca yetkisiz \u015fekilde eri\u015febilir veya kopyalayabilirim. Yaz\u0131l\u0131m korsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu y\u00fczden h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k kapsam\u0131nda de\u011fil, daima telif hakk\u0131 ihlali kapsam\u0131nda yarg\u0131lan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_11076\" style=\"width: 603px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11076\" class=\"wp-image-11076 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/media.kasperskydaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/91\/2022\/10\/04111750\/crypto-actually-non-fungible-tokens-009.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"593\" height=\"258\"><p id=\"caption-attachment-11076\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dijital m\u00fclkiyetin bir tweet\u2019te \u00f6zeti<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Ger\u00e7ek hayatta bir \u015fey sat\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda (diyelim ki bir ekmek), o \u015feye sahip oldu\u011funuza itiraz etmek \u00e7ok zor. Yaln\u0131zca itiraz edenlere f\u0131r\u0131ndan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z fi\u015fi g\u00f6sterebilece\u011finiz i\u00e7in de\u011fil, ekme\u011fi elinizde tutup \u201cBak\u0131n i\u015fte ekme\u011fim burada, bu benim ekme\u011fim,\u201d diyebilece\u011finiz i\u00e7in. Burada anlamam\u0131z gereken \u015fu: Somut bir nesne olan ekmek e\u015fsiz (bir\u00e7ok ekmek var ama yaln\u0131zca biri <em>bu<\/em> ekmek) ve yasal kontrol\u00fcn\u00fcz alt\u0131nda bu ekme\u011fi g\u00f6stermek, ekme\u011fin sizin oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlamak i\u00e7in yeterli. Dijital nesneler ise, ama\u00e7lanan kullan\u0131m s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde g\u00fcnde defalarca kopyalanan bit dizileri olmalar\u0131 nedeniyle, bu \u00f6zelli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131yorlar. NFT d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n her birine bir seri numaras\u0131 verme \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc bu temel ger\u00e7e\u011fi de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye yetmiyor. Sizin sertifikal\u0131 <a href=\"https:\/\/boredapeyachtclub.com\/#\/gallery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">\u00e7irkin maymun<\/a> resminiz, benim sa\u011f t\u0131klay\u0131p kaydetti\u011fim resimle birebir ayn\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Peki m\u00fclkiyetin bu kadar kolay kan\u0131tlanamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha soyut ba\u015fka \u015feyler yok mu? Bir araziyi ele alal\u0131m; araziye gidip yerle\u015fmeniz sizi o arazinin <em>yasal<\/em> sahibi yapmaz. M\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 kan\u0131tlamak i\u00e7in bir tapu g\u00f6stermeniz gerekir. Madem \u00f6yle, bu tapu kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k, do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015f ve sans\u00fcrlenemez \u015fekilde bir blok zincirinde de saklanabilir, de\u011fil mi? NFT\u2019lerin lehine gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnen bu g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc arg\u00fcman asl\u0131nda tam da NFT\u2019lerin mat oldu\u011fu nokta. Bir arazi sat\u0131n ald\u0131n\u0131z ve tapunuz da Ethereum blok zincirinde saklan\u0131yor diyelim. Bu arazi \u00fcst\u00fcndeki yeni evinize geliyorsunuz, bir de bak\u0131yorsunuz ki ben (bornozumla) koltukta oturuyorum. \u201cBuras\u0131 benim evim, ben buray\u0131 sat\u0131n ald\u0131m!\u201d diye ba\u011f\u0131rarak ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmenizi g\u00f6steriyorsunuz. \u201cBen de buray\u0131 sat\u0131n ald\u0131m,\u201d diyerek size <a href=\"https:\/\/solana.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Solana<\/a> blok zincirindeki e\u015fit derecede ge\u00e7erli kendi ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmemi g\u00f6steriyorum ve ekliyorum: \u201cBen Ethereum blok zincirinin otoritesini tan\u0131m\u0131yorum\u201d <span class=\"footnotes\">[6]<span class=\"note\"> Niye tan\u0131yay\u0131m ki? Birbirine rakip bin tane blok zinciri var. Evet, bin tane. Tezos, EOSIO, Stellar, Neo, QTUM, Waves di\u011fer \u00f6rneklerden baz\u0131lar\u0131.<\/span><\/span>. Bu noktadan itibaren izleyebilece\u011finiz birka\u00e7 yol var:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Arazimden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p gidersiniz.<\/li>\n<li>Buterin\u2019in Ethereum Halk Cumhuriyeti\u2019ni kurmas\u0131n\u0131 bekler (bir oligar\u015fi olaca\u011f\u0131 kesin), bir ordu kurar ve m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 benimkilere kar\u015f\u0131 zorla uygulars\u0131n\u0131z.<\/li>\n<li>Derdinizi yerel mahkemeye ta\u015f\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z; en olas\u0131 se\u00e7iminiz bu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>T\u00fcm bunlar bizi m\u00fclkiyet kavram\u0131n\u0131n iki \u00f6nemli \u00f6n ko\u015fuluna getiriyor. Birincisi: Dijital mallar e\u015fsiz olmad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in m\u00fclkiyetleri olamaz. \u0130kincisi: Merkezi bir otorite (yani, devlet) olmadan fiziksel mallar\u0131n m\u00fclkiyeti olamaz. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, NFT\u2019ler bu iki \u00f6n ko\u015fulu da ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in m\u00fclkiyetlerinden bahsedilemez.<\/p>\n<h2>Peki NFT\u2019ler ne?<\/h2>\n<p>\u0130\u015fin komik taraf\u0131 bu. Hi\u00e7 kimse tam olarak bilmiyor. D\u00fczenleyiciler epey bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcp ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131ktan sonra <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jdsupra.com\/legalnews\/are-nfts-securities-analysis-of-the-nba-2972108\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">bunlar\u0131 birer menkul k\u0131ymet olarak kategorize edebilir<\/a>. Hukuk b\u00fcrolar\u0131, NFT\u2019ye a\u00e7\u0131k bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme e\u015flik etmedi\u011fi takdirde \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin muhtemelen yaln\u0131zca dijital varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sergilemeyi kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nortonrosefulbright.com\/en\/knowledge\/publications\/1a1abb9f\/nfts-and-intellectual-property-rights\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">uyar\u0131yor<\/a>. Bundan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey yapamazs\u0131n\u0131z. \u00d6rne\u011fin, milyon dolarl\u0131k <a href=\"https:\/\/www.larvalabs.com\/cryptopunks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">CryptoPunk<\/a>\u2018\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 ti\u015f\u00f6rte basamazs\u0131n\u0131z. \u00c7ok ac\u0131, de\u011fil mi?<\/p>\n<p>Optimistler NFT\u2019leri sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 sanat galerilerinin tekelinden kurtarak desteklemenin bir yolu olarak g\u00f6steriyor. Ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin her sat\u0131\u015fta orijinal sanat\u00e7\u0131ya telif \u00f6denmesini sa\u011flayan provizyonlar i\u00e7erdi\u011fine vurgu yap\u0131yorlar. Bir\u00e7ok sanat\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n NFT sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131ndan <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gq-magazine.co.uk\/culture\/article\/beeple-nft-interview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">devasa \u00f6demeler<\/a> ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 inkar edemeyiz, fakat NFT sanat piyasas\u0131n\u0131n durumu medyan\u0131n etkisiyle olduk\u00e7a \u00e7arp\u0131k alg\u0131lan\u0131yor, rekor paralarla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen sat\u0131\u015flar istisna niteli\u011finde. Sanat\u00e7\u0131 Kimberly Parker, bir veri bilimciyle birlikte <a href=\"https:\/\/thatkimparker.medium.com\/most-artists-are-not-making-money-off-nfts-and-here-are-some-graphs-to-prove-it-c65718d4a1b8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hesaplarla<\/a> bir\u00e7ok ilgin\u00e7 ger\u00e7e\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_11077\" style=\"width: 1034px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11077\" class=\"wp-image-11077 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/media.kasperskydaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/91\/2022\/10\/04111907\/crypto-actually-non-fungible-tokens-011-1024x369.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"369\"><p id=\"caption-attachment-11077\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">NFT ilk sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131: Fiyat da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131. <a href=\"https:\/\/thatkimparker.medium.com\/most-artists-are-not-making-money-off-nfts-and-here-are-some-graphs-to-prove-it-c65718d4a1b8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Kaynak<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Sat\u0131lan NFT\u2019lerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu (~%70\u2019i) asla ikinci bir al\u0131c\u0131 bulam\u0131yor.<\/li>\n<li>NFT\u2019lerin yaln\u0131zca yakla\u015f\u0131k %10\u2019u 400 USD \u00fcst\u00fcnde bir fiyata sat\u0131l\u0131yor. Kapsam olarak bireysel sanat eserleri yerine koleksiyonlar al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda da tam olarak ayn\u0131 trend ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor.<\/li>\n<li>100 USD\u2019ye sat\u0131lan bir NFT\u2019nin platform ve gas \u00fccretleri toplam fiyat\u0131n %70\u2019i ila %150\u2019sine tekab\u00fcl ediyor. Bu durumda ortalama olarak bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sanat\u00e7\u0131lar asl\u0131nda para kaybediyor.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Bu alanda \u00e7ok ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olan projelere bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda da kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za rahats\u0131z edici bir resim \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor; bir eserin ger\u00e7ek sanatsal de\u011ferine k\u0131yasla sat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n pop\u00fclerlik yaratma ve medyan\u0131n ilgisini \u00e7ekme becerisinin daha \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Logan Paul veya MrBeast gibi influencer\u2019lar\u0131n dahil oldu\u011fu <a href=\"https:\/\/vm.tiktok.com\/ZM8Vqmf2r\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">NFT \u201cpump ve dump\u201d oyunlar\u0131n\u0131n<\/a> ne kadar karl\u0131 oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrsek bu durum o kadar da \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fil. \u0130\u015fin i\u00e7ine <a href=\"https:\/\/nft.parishilton.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Paris Hilton<\/a> ya da <a href=\"https:\/\/overstandard.dk\/justin-biebers-2m-nft-collection\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Justin Bieber<\/a> gibi \u00fcnl\u00fcleri katmak da ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde (imajlar\u0131 ve medyadaki g\u00fc\u00e7leri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir i\u015fe katabilecekleri ne var ki?). \u00d6te yandan harekete ge\u00e7irebilece\u011finiz bir kitleniz veya \u00fcnl\u00fclere eri\u015fiminiz yoksa ama birka\u00e7 y\u00fcz bin dolar harcayabilecek durumdaysan\u0131z rekor bir al\u0131m yap\u0131p <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/03\/26\/technology\/nft-sale.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">haberlere \u00e7\u0131kmay\u0131<\/a> bekleyerek kendi pop\u00fclerli\u011finizi de yaratabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<h2>Peki NFT\u2019ler <em>ger\u00e7ekten<\/em> ne?<\/h2>\n<p>\u00c7\u0131kmaz soka\u011fa girdik gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor: NFT\u2019ler yeterli m\u00fclkiyet kan\u0131t\u0131 te\u015fkil etmiyor ve t\u0131pk\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcne kurulu olduklar\u0131 teknoloji gibi sadece halihaz\u0131rda \u00fcnl\u00fc ve zengin olanlara kazand\u0131r\u0131yor. Bitcoin ve Ether ile ger\u00e7ek \u00fcr\u00fcnler sat\u0131n alamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z i\u00e7in bunlar\u0131n birer para birimi say\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131ndan bahsetmi\u015ftik. Teorilere g\u00f6re NFT\u2019lerin tam da bu bo\u015flu\u011fu doldurmas\u0131 hayal ediliyor: Nihayet para biriminin ekosistem i\u00e7inde dola\u015f\u0131ma girmesini sa\u011flayacak bir pazar yaratmak. \u0130\u015fin i\u00e7 y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc anlamak i\u00e7in kripto para d\u00fcnyas\u0131na para ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini kavramak \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli.<\/p>\n<p>Ether ve Bitcoin kendi ortamlar\u0131nda yoktan var ediliyor, her bir a\u011f\u0131n altyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmelerine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k birer \u00f6d\u00fcl olarak madencilere adeta havadan geliyorlar. Fakat \u00f6deyecek faturalar\u0131 olan madencilerin eninde sonunda BTC veya ETH\u2019lerini ger\u00e7ek bir para birimine \u00e7evirmesi gerekiyor. \u0130\u015fin ba\u015f\u0131nda \u00e7ok az yat\u0131r\u0131mla ciddi miktarda coin sahibi olabilen ilk kullan\u0131c\u0131lar bile nakde \u00e7\u0131kmay\u0131 istiyordu \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc kripto paralar\u0131n\u0131 harcayarak alabilecekleri bir \u015fey yoktu.<\/p>\n<p>Ethereum veya Bitcoin\u2019le ger\u00e7ek \u00fcr\u00fcnler sat\u0131n alamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z i\u00e7in bunlar\u0131 \u00f6ncelikle dolar gibi ger\u00e7ek bir para birimine \u00e7evirmekten ba\u015fka yolunuz yok. Peki bunu nas\u0131l yap\u0131yorsunuz? Elbette borsa platformlar\u0131 var, ancak bunlar yaln\u0131zca sat\u0131c\u0131 ile al\u0131c\u0131 aras\u0131nda birer arac\u0131 g\u00f6revi g\u00f6r\u00fcyor, her para biriminden fon ortaya koyarak i\u015fleri kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yorlar. 10 milyon USD de\u011ferinde ETH ile bu borsalardan birine gitti\u011finizde elinizdeki kripto paran\u0131n hepsini almayacaklard\u0131r. Piyasada 10 milyon USD\u2019lik talep varsa tabii ki sat\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 yapars\u0131n\u0131z. Aksi takdirde sat\u0131\u015f teklifiniz sistemde durur ve ancak mutlu Ethereum ailesine yeni insanlar kat\u0131ld\u0131k\u00e7a sat\u0131\u015f zaman i\u00e7inde yava\u015f yava\u015f ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir (tabii bu arada ba\u015fka birileri daha cazip bir kurdan teklif sunmazsa).<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_11078\" style=\"width: 494px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11078\" class=\"wp-image-11078 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/media.kasperskydaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/91\/2022\/10\/04112205\/crypto-actually-non-fungible-tokens-013.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"484\" height=\"365\"><p id=\"caption-attachment-11078\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Her s\u0131ra, ancak ba\u015fka s\u0131ralarda bekleyen insanlar varsa k\u0131salabiliyor<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Bu plandaki dev hatay\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyorsunuz, de\u011fil mi? Hangi akl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda insan, bunlarla hi\u00e7bir \u015fey sat\u0131n alamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bile bile ETH ve BTC\u2019nizi als\u0131n ki? Onlar\u0131n da eninde sonunda siber alt\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 dolara \u00e7evirmesi gerekecek. O halde niye sizin \u00e7ekti\u011finiz bu \u00e7ileyi \u00e7ekmeye yana\u015fs\u0131nlar? Cevap, ald\u0131klar\u0131ndan y\u00fckse\u011fe satarak kar elde etmeyi ummalar\u0131nda yat\u0131yor. Haberlerde bahsetmedikleri ac\u0131 ger\u00e7ek, kripto para ekosisteminde devasa bir likidite problemi olmas\u0131. <a href=\"https:\/\/fortune.com\/2022\/04\/07\/nft-artist-fewocious-sells-20-million-24-hours-art-crypto\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Muazzam NFT sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131<\/a> haberlerde dolar cinsinden anlat\u0131lsa da asl\u0131nda ETH ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyor; lanse edilen bu dolar fiyat\u0131, kripto para dolara \u00e7evrilene kadar sadece teoride kal\u0131yor. Yaln\u0131zca 100 ETH i\u00e7in talep varsa bir ETH\u2019in (bu yaz\u0131 yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada) yakla\u015f\u0131k 1.800 USD\u2019ye sat\u0131lmas\u0131 pek bir anlam ifade etmiyor. 10 milyon USD de\u011ferindeki Ether\u2019iniz sat\u0131lmayacak.<\/p>\n<p>\u00d6zetlemek gerekirse, b\u00fcy\u00fck coin sahipleri ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak nakde \u00e7\u0131kma ihtiyac\u0131 i\u00e7inde, fakat bunu sadece <em>gelen<\/em> s\u00fcrekli bir insan ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 varsa yapabiliyorlar <span class=\"footnotes\">[7]<span class=\"note\"> Talebin arz\u0131 ge\u00e7mesi kuru y\u00fckseltece\u011fi ve bozduranlar\u0131n kar marj\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131raca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in idealde i\u00e7eri ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck olmas\u0131 gerekiyor. Yani kripto para kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n kripto paran\u0131n kitlelerce benimsenmesinden direkt bir maddi kazanc\u0131 var. Bu da ekosistemin t\u00fcm sistematik hatalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 k\u00f6r olmalar\u0131na neden oluyor. Upton Sinclair\u2019in de dedi\u011fi gibi, \u201cBirine bir \u015feyi anlamamas\u0131 i\u00e7in maa\u015f veriliyorsa ona o \u015feyi anlatamazs\u0131n\u201d.<\/span><\/span>; insanlar\u0131n kripto para almas\u0131n\u0131n tek rasyonel sebebi ise spek\u00fclatif kazan\u00e7 elde etmek. <strong>Kripto d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131 sadece yap\u0131sal olarak spek\u00fclasyona dayal\u0131 olmakla kalm\u0131yor, ayn\u0131 zamanda nakit ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in de spek\u00fclasyona varolu\u015fsal bir gereksinim duyuyor<\/strong>. Spek\u00fclat\u00f6rlerin de bir s\u00fcre sonra ayn\u0131 sorunla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kal\u0131p kar elde etmek i\u00e7in sonraki bir al\u0131c\u0131 dalgas\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 duyaca\u011f\u0131 ve bunun b\u00f6yle devam edip gidece\u011fi de gayet a\u00e7\u0131k.<\/p>\n<h2>Bu bir piramit de\u011fil, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck poligonal koni<\/h2>\n<p>Bu ba\u011flamda NFT fenomenini hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan bu yeni al\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 \u00e7ekmek \u00fczere geli\u015ftirilen yapay bir pop\u00fclerli\u011fi canland\u0131rma \u00e7abas\u0131 olarak yeniden yorumlayabiliriz. \u00dcr\u00fcnler (yani son derece \u00e7irkin JPEG veya PNG dosyalar\u0131) ile piyasa fiyatlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki bariz u\u00e7urumu da b\u00f6ylelikle a\u00e7\u0131klayabiliriz. Bu ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00f6zel adas\u0131nda emekliye ayr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 bekledi\u011finiz b\u00fcy\u00fck kripto sermaye sahiplerinin neden ak\u0131l almaz miktarlarda kripto paray\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6pe att\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da a\u00e7\u0131klar. Cevap basit: \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc nakde \u00e7eviremedikleri s\u00fcrece Ether\u2019leri be\u015f para etmiyor. Bu y\u00fczden coin\u2019lerini insanlar\u0131n NFT\u2019lerle servet kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131na y\u00f6nelik bir alg\u0131 olu\u015fturacak haberler yayarak ileride nakde \u00e7\u0131kabilecek ko\u015fullar yaratmak i\u00e7in harcamalar\u0131 olduk\u00e7a mant\u0131kl\u0131. Yani, \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131nl\u0131k d\u00fczeyinde sat\u0131\u015f fiyatlar\u0131 medyada bir heyecan yarat\u0131yor, bu heyecan yeni al\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 \u00e7ekiyor, yeni al\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n giri\u015fi de sat\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n nakde \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n<p>Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla e\u011fer kripto para ve NFT\u2019lerle ilgileniyorsan\u0131z bunlardan herhangi birini ekosistemin ana bile\u015feni sanmakla hata edersiniz. <strong>Kripto d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli olan tek \u015fey yeni kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lard\u0131r.<\/strong> NFT projeleri, d\u0131\u015far\u0131daki insanlar\u0131n hemen kat\u0131l\u0131rlarsa (kat\u0131lmak i\u00e7in de Ethereum sat\u0131n almalar\u0131 gerek) inan\u0131lmaz yat\u0131r\u0131m getirileri elde edeceklerine dair bir heyecan yaratma becerileri \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oluyor.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_11079\" style=\"width: 497px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11079\" class=\"wp-image-11079 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/media.kasperskydaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/91\/2022\/10\/04112316\/crypto-actually-non-fungible-tokens-015.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"487\" height=\"345\"><p id=\"caption-attachment-11079\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u201cAdaletin g\u00f6z\u00fc k\u00f6rd\u00fcr,\u201d derken bunu kastetmemi\u015flerdi<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Hayal edebilece\u011finiz \u00fczere bu kadar toksik bir yap\u0131da her t\u00fcrl\u00fc k\u00f6t\u00fc niyetli giri\u015fim filizlenebiliyor, ekosistemde doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131ktan ge\u00e7ilmiyor. Gelmi\u015f ge\u00e7mi\u015f her t\u00fcrl\u00fc doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k oyunu bir \u015fekilde bu cesur yeni d\u00fcnyaya adapte edilmi\u015f durumda. \u00dcstelik herhangi bir d\u00fczenleme, t\u00fcketici koruma veya ba\u015fvurulacak bir merci olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bunlar i\u015flerin standart i\u015fleyi\u015f bi\u00e7imi haline gelmi\u015f. NFT piyasas\u0131na girdi\u011finizde bunlarla haftada bir kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131yorsunuz:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Proje organizat\u00f6rlerinin fiyatlar\u0131 \u015fi\u015firmek ve sahte bir y\u00fcksek talep alg\u0131s\u0131 olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in kendi token\u2019lar\u0131n\u0131 sat\u0131n al\u0131p kendi i\u015flettikleri hesaplar aras\u0131nda al\u0131n\u0131p sat\u0131l\u0131yormu\u015f gibi g\u00f6sterdikleri <a href=\"https:\/\/fortune.com\/2022\/02\/04\/nft-wash-trade-scam-millions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">kendi kendine i\u015flemler<\/a> (wash trading).<\/li>\n<li>Kripto para geli\u015ftiricilerin al\u0131c\u0131 \u00e7ekerek para biriminin de\u011ferini y\u00fckselttikten sonra al\u0131m sat\u0131m i\u015flemlerini durdurup toplanan b\u00fct\u00fcn parayla ka\u00e7t\u0131klar\u0131 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vice.com\/en\/article\/y3dyem\/investors-spent-millions-on-evolved-apes-nfts-then-they-got-scammed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">rug pull\u2019lar<\/a>. Bir\u00e7ok NFT projesi token sunmakla kalmay\u0131p kendilerini birer <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220810185815\/https:\/midnitemovieclub.com\/#roadmap\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">kitle kaynak f\u0131rsat\u0131<\/a> (sayfa tahmin edebilece\u011finiz sebeplerle ar\u015fivlenmi\u015f) olarak lanse ediyor. Sat\u0131\u015ftan elde edilen paran\u0131n yan \u00fcr\u00fcnler, filmler, video oyunlar\u0131 gibi ba\u015fka \u00fcr\u00fcn ve hizmetlerin yarat\u0131lmas\u0131na yat\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia ediyorlar. Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar, ilgili baz\u0131 DAO\u2019lar sayesinde bu yan projelere kat\u0131labiliyor. De\u011fi\u015ftirmeyi ama\u00e7lad\u0131klar\u0131 sekt\u00f6rler hakk\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir fikri olmayan bir tak\u0131m insanlardan bekleyece\u011finiz \u00fczere \u00e7o\u011funlukla vadediklerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiremiyor ve\/veya fonlar\u0131 al\u0131p ka\u00e7\u0131yorlar.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Siber g\u00fcvenlik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da her t\u00fcrl\u00fc sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 bekleyebilirsiniz; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vice.com\/en\/article\/jgp8kd\/seth-green-nft-theft-part-of-multi-million-dollar-scam-campaign-investigator-says\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">kimlik avlar\u0131<\/a>, ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme hacklemeleri, <a href=\"https:\/\/therecord.media\/nft-creators-tricked-into-installing-malware-in-highly-targeted-attack\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">k\u00f6t\u00fc ama\u00e7l\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2022\/06\/06\/technology\/nft-opensea-theft-fraud.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">pazar yeri s\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131<\/a>\u2026 Tabii klasik <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global\/2022\/jan\/29\/huge-mess-of-theft-artists-sound-alarm-theft-nfts-proliferates\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">sanat h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131<\/a> da unutmamak laz\u0131m; ne de olsa size ait olmayan bir sanat eserinden NFT yaratman\u0131z\u0131 engelleyecek hi\u00e7bir \u00f6nlem yok. Bu durum o kadar yayg\u0131n ki DeviantArt otomatik olarak <a href=\"https:\/\/www.deviantart.com\/team\/journal\/DeviantArt-Protect-80-000-NFT-Alerts-Sent-902819882\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">NFT ihlallerini tespit eden<\/a> bir \u00f6zellik geli\u015ftirdi. \u00d6zellik \u015fimdiye kadar 80.000 alarm verdi.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_11080\" style=\"width: 737px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11080\" class=\"wp-image-11080 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/media.kasperskydaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/91\/2022\/10\/04112350\/crypto-actually-non-fungible-tokens-017.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"727\" height=\"720\"><p id=\"caption-attachment-11080\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bu arada Twitter\u2019\u0131n avukatlar\u0131 da Seth Green\u2019in hala Bored Ape televizyon projesini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in gereken telif haklar\u0131na sahip olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmekle me\u015fgul. NFT\u2019sini geri almak i\u00e7in 100.000 USD \u00f6demesi NFT d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda olumlu bir sonu\u00e7 olarak alg\u0131land\u0131.<\/p><\/div>\n<h2>Sonu\u00e7<\/h2>\n<p>Evet, nihayet bu korku t\u00fcnelinin sonuna geldik. Biraz uzun s\u00fcrd\u00fc ama sonunda bu yaz\u0131 dizisine ba\u015flarken sordu\u011fumuz soruya cevap verebiliriz. NFT sat\u0131n almal\u0131 m\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z? Hay\u0131r. NFT\u2019lerden uzak durun. Kripto paradan da uzak durun. Faydac\u0131 bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla bu ekosistemi desteklemenin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edip k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede zengin olma plan\u0131n\u0131za odaklanabilece\u011finizi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnseniz bile \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla can\u0131n\u0131z yanacak, hem de \u00e7ok fena \u015fekilde. T\u0131pk\u0131 alt\u0131ndaki katman gibi NFT ortam\u0131 da en iyi oyuncular\u0131n her zaman avantaj sahibi oldu\u011fu, sizinse pastadan bir k\u0131r\u0131nt\u0131 koparmak umuduyla s\u00fcrekli \u00e7e\u015fitli doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k giri\u015fimleriyle u\u011fra\u015f\u0131p duraca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z \u015fekilde tasarlanm\u0131\u015f bir yap\u0131. Size verebilece\u011fim en iyi tavsiye \u015fu: Ne zaman <a href=\"https:\/\/www.investopedia.com\/terms\/p\/pumpanddump.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">pump\u2019a<\/a> kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorsan\u0131z bilin ki dump\u2019\u0131n i\u00e7indesiniz.<\/p>\n<p>Geldik milyon dolarl\u0131k, hay\u0131r, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.globenewswire.com\/en\/news-release\/2022\/05\/26\/2451426\/0\/en\/The-Global-Non-Fungible-Tokens-NFTs-Market-is-expected-to-reach-a-value-of-USD-122-43-Billion-by-2028-at-a-CAGR-of-34-10-over-the-forecast-period-2022-2028-SkyQuest-Technology.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">milyarlarca dolarl\u0131k<\/a> soruya: NFT\u2019ler bir t\u00fcr doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k m\u0131? Bu sorunun cevab\u0131, tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131za g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fir. Kumarhaneler doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k m\u0131? T\u00fcm oyunlar kumarhanenin daima istatistiksel avantaja sahip olaca\u011f\u0131 \u015fekilde tasarlan\u0131r (iyi oyuncular <a href=\"https:\/\/edge.twinspires.com\/casino-news\/the-house-edge-in-blackjack-everything-you-need-to-know\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">bunu %0,5\u2019e d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrebilse de<\/a> blackjack bile b\u00f6yledir). Fakat \u015fansl\u0131ysan\u0131z kumarda kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z paray\u0131 yeniden kaybetmeden \u00f6nce kumarhaneyi girdi\u011finizden daha zengin biri olarak tek edebilirsiniz. Kumarhane sahipleri b\u00fcy\u00fck resimde kazanan\u0131n hep kendileri olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilir. Kaybedenleri i\u00e7eri \u00e7ekmek i\u00e7in ara s\u0131ra b\u00f6yle ba\u015far\u0131 hikayelerine ihtiya\u00e7 oldu\u011funu da bilirler. <em>Bu<\/em> doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k m\u0131? Kendiniz karar verin. NFT\u2019ler de pek a\u00e7\u0131dan ayn\u0131. Tek fark\u0131, 21. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n yasalarla d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f kumar end\u00fcstrisinde de\u011fil, teknolojik Vah\u015fi Bat\u0131\u2019da olman\u0131z. Sizi \u00e7ok fena silkeleyecekler.<\/p>\n<p>Bu yaz\u0131 yay\u0131nlan\u0131r yay\u0131nlanmaz mesaj kutumun bir gecede zengin olanlar\u0131n ger\u00e7ek hikayeleriyle dolup ta\u015faca\u011f\u0131na eminim, t\u0131pk\u0131 bu konuda ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapt\u0131ysan\u0131z sizin de durmadan kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z gibi. NFT\u2019lerin ara s\u0131ra birilerinin hayat\u0131nda iyi \u015feylere yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 inkar etmiyorum. Fakat iyiliklerinin k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fcklerine, sahte vaatlerine, ya\u011fmac\u0131 yap\u0131lar\u0131na, y\u0131kt\u0131klar\u0131 hayatlara a\u011f\u0131r basmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil (\u00fcstelik hen\u00fcz t\u00fcm k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fcklerinden bahsetmedim bile).<\/p>\n<p>Size son tavsiyem \u015fu: NFT sahiplerinin size s\u00f6yledi\u011fi tek bir kelimeye bile inanmay\u0131n. En az\u0131ndan sizi oyuna kat\u0131lmaya ikna etmenin kar-zarar hanelerini do\u011frudan etkiledi\u011fini anlatabildi\u011fimi umuyorum. Bir JPEG dosyas\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131na on y\u0131ll\u0131k maa\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yat\u0131rmaktan kaynaklanan zihinsel tutars\u0131zl\u0131ktan bahsetmiyorum bile. G\u00f6stermelik karde\u015fliklerinin alt\u0131nda, i\u00e7lerinde bir yerlerde, al\u0131m sat\u0131m\u0131n en iyi ihtimalle s\u0131f\u0131r toplaml\u0131 bir oyun oldu\u011funu kendileri de biliyor. Herkes kendini kurtarmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_11083\" style=\"width: 1034px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11083\" class=\"wp-image-11083 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/media.kasperskydaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/91\/2022\/10\/04115428\/crypto-actually-non-fungible-tokens-019-1024x430.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"430\"><p id=\"caption-attachment-11083\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u00c7ocuklar\u0131 NFT\u2019lerin tehlikelerine kar\u015f\u0131 e\u011fitmek<\/p><\/div>\n<p>\u015eimdiye kadar ne \u00f6\u011frendik? Birincisi, kripto para birimleri sadece birer spek\u00fclasyon arac\u0131. \u0130kincisi, daha da spek\u00fclatif ara\u00e7lar olan NFT\u2019ler, kripto para birimlerine trafik sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in kripto para birimleri \u00fcst\u00fcne kurulu. Fakat i\u015fler burada bitmiyor. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc\u2026 Niye bitsin ki? Bunlar\u0131n hepsinin \u00fcst\u00fcne kurulan son bir par\u00e7a daha var. Yaz\u0131 dizisinin son b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde metaverse denen teknolojik felaketi ele alaca\u011f\u0131z ve b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla bu felaketin enkaz\u0131nda rehin tutuldu\u011fumuzu ke\u015ffedece\u011fiz. Kripto paran\u0131n ve NFT\u2019lerin ger\u00e7ek d\u00fcnya ekonomileri \u00fcst\u00fcndeki etkilerini ve siyasi sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 tart\u0131\u015farak diziyi biraz kasvetli bir \u015fekilde bitirece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Yaz\u0131 dizimizin ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde Ethereum&#8217;u ve getirdi\u011fi ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme, DAO ve NFT gibi yenilikleri ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131yla ele al\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2658,"featured_media":11071,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[995],"tags":[374,1098,1444,1544,1500,2577],"class_list":{"0":"post-11070","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-technology","8":"tag-bitcoin","9":"tag-blok-zinciri","10":"tag-ethereum","11":"tag-kripto-para","12":"tag-kripto-para-birimleri","13":"tag-nft"},"hreflang":[{"hreflang":"tr","url":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.com.tr\/blog\/crypto-actually-non-fungible-tokens\/11070\/"},{"hreflang":"en-in","url":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.co.in\/blog\/crypto-actually-non-fungible-tokens\/24683\/"},{"hreflang":"en-ae","url":"https:\/\/me-en.kaspersky.com\/blog\/crypto-actually-non-fungible-tokens\/20150\/"},{"hreflang":"ar","url":"https:\/\/me.kaspersky.com\/blog\/crypto-actually-non-fungible-tokens\/10129\/"},{"hreflang":"en-us","url":"https:\/\/usa.kaspersky.com\/blog\/crypto-actually-non-fungible-tokens\/27136\/"},{"hreflang":"en-gb","url":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.co.uk\/blog\/crypto-actually-non-fungible-tokens\/25017\/"},{"hreflang":"es-mx","url":"https:\/\/latam.kaspersky.com\/blog\/crypto-actually-non-fungible-tokens\/25396\/"},{"hreflang":"it","url":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.it\/blog\/crypto-actually-non-fungible-tokens\/27269\/"},{"hreflang":"ru","url":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.ru\/blog\/crypto-actually-non-fungible-tokens\/34085\/"},{"hreflang":"x-default","url":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.com\/blog\/crypto-actually-non-fungible-tokens\/45597\/"},{"hreflang":"fr","url":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.fr\/blog\/crypto-actually-non-fungible-tokens\/19582\/"},{"hreflang":"de","url":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.de\/blog\/crypto-actually-non-fungible-tokens\/29382\/"},{"hreflang":"ja","url":"https:\/\/blog.kaspersky.co.jp\/crypto-actually-non-fungible-tokens\/32954\/"},{"hreflang":"nl","url":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.nl\/blog\/crypto-actually-non-fungible-tokens\/28530\/"},{"hreflang":"en-au","url":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.com.au\/blog\/crypto-actually-non-fungible-tokens\/31080\/"},{"hreflang":"en-za","url":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.co.za\/blog\/crypto-actually-non-fungible-tokens\/30788\/"}],"acf":[],"banners":"","maintag":{"url":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.com.tr\/blog\/tag\/kripto-para\/","name":"kripto para"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11070","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2658"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11070"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11070\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11123,"href":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11070\/revisions\/11123"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11071"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11070"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11070"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kaspersky.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11070"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}